Thalamic Mechanisms of EEG Alpha Rhythms and Their Pathological Implications

Hughes, Stuart W.; Crunelli, Vincenzo

doi:10.1177/1073858405277450

Cited by 565Neural dynamics and brain functionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeurological disorders and treatments

Thalamic Mechanisms of EEG Alpha Rhythms and Their Pathological Implications

Hughes, Stuart W., Crunelli, Vincenzo·2005·The Neuroscientist

DOI 10.1177/1073858405277450

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Abstract

During relaxed wakefulness, the human brain exhibits pronounced rhythmic electrical activity in the alpha frequency band (8-13 Hz). This activity consists of 3 main components: the classic occipital alpha rhythm, the Rolandic mu rhythm, and the so-called third rhythm. In recent years, the long-held belief that alpha rhythms are strongly influenced by the thalamus has been confirmed in several animal models and, in humans, is well supported by numerous noninvasive imaging studies. Of specific importance is the emergence of 2 key cellular thalamic mechanisms, which come together to generate locally synchronized alpha activity. First, a novel form of rhythmic burst firing, termed high-threshold (HT) bursting, which occurs in a specialized subset of thalamocortical (TC) neurons, and second, the interconnection of this subset via gap junctions (GJs). Because repetitive HT bursting in TC neurons occurs in the range of 2 to 13 Hz, with the precise frequency increasing with increasing depolarization, the same cellular components that underlie thalamic alpha rhythms can also lead to theta (2-7 Hz) rhythms when the TC neuron population is less depolarized. As such, this scenario can explain both the deceleration of alpha rhythms that takes place during early sleep and the chronic slowing that characterizes a host of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

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Modeling studies suggest that reciprocal and more direct connections favor reverberation and oscillatory entrainment, and such loops have been hypothesized as a basis of normal oscillatory brain activities and other pathological oscillations, such as thalamocortical dysrhythmia.
“Modeling studies suggest that such reciprocal and more direct connections favor reverberation and oscillatory entrainment (Crick and Koch, 1998) and such loops have been hypothesized as a basis of normal oscillatory brain activities and other pathological oscillations, such as thalamocortical dysrhythmia (Hughes and Crunelli, 2005; Jones, 2002; Llinas et al., 2005).”
From Oscillating central motor networks in pathological tremors and voluntary movements. What makes the difference? (2012) · cites this paper as Hughes and Crunelli, 2005

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Authors: Hughes, S. W., & Crunelli, V.
Affiliations: Cardiff University (GB)
Corresponding author: Hughes, Stuart W.
ORCID: Hughes, Stuart W.
Crunelli, Vincenzo
Venue: The Neuroscientist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: 357-372
ISSN: 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
1089-4098
DOI: 10.1177/1073858405277450
OpenAlex: W2108197606
Cited by: 565
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 0.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Neuroscientist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
Keywords: thalamus, alpha rhythm, thalamocortical neurons, gap junctions, theta oscillations, occipital alpha rhythm, neuronal synchronization
MeSH terms: Alpha Rhythm, Animals, Brain Mapping, Humans, Neurons, Sensory Thresholds, Thalamus

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Thalamic Mechanisms of EEG Alpha Rhythms and Their Pathological Implications

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