Early Daoist Scriptures
Abstract
For centuries Daoism (Taoism) has played a central role in the development of Chinese thought and civilization, yet to this day only a few of its sacred texts have been translated into English. Now Stephen R. Bokenkamp introduces the reader to ancient scriptures never before published in the West, providing a systematic and easily accessible introduction to early Daoism (c. 2nd-6th C.E.). Representative works from each of the principal Daoist traditions comprise the basic structure of the book, with each chapter accompanied by an introduction that places the material within a historical and cultural context. Included are translations of the earliest Daoist commentary to Laozi's Daode jing (Tao Te Ching); historical documents relating the history of the early Daoist church; a petitioning ritual used to free believers from complaints brought against them by the dead; and two complete scriptures, one on individual meditation practice and another designed to rescue humanity from the terrors of hell through recitation of its powerful charms. In addition, Bokenkamp elucidates the connections Daoism holds with other schools of thought, particularly Confucianism and Buddhism. This book provides a much-needed introduction to Daoism for students of religion and is a welcome addition for scholars wishing to explore Daoist sacred literature. It serves as an overview to every aspect of early Daoist tradition and all the seminal practices which have helped shape the religion as it exists today.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Han Fei's approach to the Laozi is reminiscent of early commentaries to that text in that he tried to show how the language of the original could be illuminating for his purposes, not to offer a faithful interpretation by academic criteria.
“Han Fei's approach to the Laozi is reminiscent of early commentaries to that text (such as the Xiang'er Commentary 想爾注 ; e.g., Bokenkamp 1997 : 30-31) in that he tried to show how the language of the original could be illuminating for his purposes, not to offer what we would uphold, by our academic criteria, as a faithful interpretation.”
From Introduction: Han Fei and the Han Feizi (2013) · cites this paper as Bokenkamp 1997
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Responding with Dao : Early Daoist Ethics and the Environment
Nelson, E. S. (2009) · Philosophy East and West · doi:10.1353/pew.0.0061 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
SELF, SUBJECT, AND CHOSEN SUBJECTION Rabbinic Ethics and Comparative Possibilities
Schofer, J. W. (2005) · Journal of Religious Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9795.2005.00192.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Introduction: Han Fei and the Han Feizi
Goldin, P. R. (2013) · Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4318-2_1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The National College Entrance Examination and the Myth of Meritocracy in Post-Mao China
Howlett, Z. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602461.003.0010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Commentarial Strategies of “JieLao” (Explaining theLaozi)
Hendrischke, B. (2022) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2022.2061168 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Greene, E. M. (2014) · Journal of Chinese Religions · doi:10.1179/0737769x14z.00000000012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
‘Conversion of the Barbarians’ [Huahu ] Discourse as Proto Han Nationalism
Raz, G. (2014) · The Medieval History Journal · doi:10.1177/0971945814545862 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Rise of Postmortem Retribution in China and the West
Bernstein, A. E., & Katz, P. R. (2010) · The Medieval History Journal · doi:10.1177/097194581001300202 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tan, J., & Bao, X. (2024) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel15010077 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
What Is Global Laozegetics?: Origins, Contents, and Significance
Tadd, M. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13070651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Portrayals of chan buddhism in the literature of internal alchemy
Capitanio, J. (2015) · Journal of Chinese Religions · doi:10.1179/0737769x15z.00000000022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reception History and Early Chinese Classics
Zürn, T. B. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13121224 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chinese Religion from the Han to the Six Dynasties
Raz, G. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781444361995.ch3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abstinence halls (<i>zhaitang 齋堂</i>) in lay households in early medieval China
Campany, R. F. (2015) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2015.1124513 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mystical Ascent and Out-of-Body Experience in Medieval Daoism
Eskildsen, S. (2007) · Journal of Chinese Religions · doi:10.1179/073776907803501197 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cosmogony and the Origin of Inequality
Steavu, D. (2014) · The Medieval History Journal · doi:10.1177/0971945814545008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Diversity of Perspectives on Language in Daoist Texts and Traditions
Goldin, P. R. (2020) · Dao · doi:10.1007/s11712-020-09749-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lo, A. L., Hsu, L. G., & Vandereycken, W. (2012) · History of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0957154x11400181 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Köhn, L. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137318503_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Jansen, T. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781444361995.ch13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
On the Interpretation of Ziran in the Three Commentaries on Laozi in the Han Dynasty
Yuan, Q. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16121507 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What Do the Lingbao Celestial Scripts Tell Us about Some Fundamental Characteristics of Daoism?
Lü, P. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14091146 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
NeidanMaster Chen Pu's Nine Stages of Transformation
Eskildsen, S. (2001) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2001.11731352 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
왕, 쭝. (2014) · The Journal of Daesoon Academy of Sciences · doi:10.25050/jdaos.2014.22.0.87 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assandri, F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13040347 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
de Mola, P. F. L. (2009) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822391166-012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, H. (2015) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2015.1087515 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vernacular “Fiction” and Celestial Script: A Daoist Manual for the Use of Water Margin
Meulenbeld, M. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10090518 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ritual refashioned: Buddhism, Lingbao and the adaptation of vows (<i>yuan</i> 願)
Wolf, L. A. (2020) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2020.1763683 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hendrischke, B. (2020) · Dao companions to Chinese philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49228-1_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yin and Yang in the Taipingjing
Hendrischke, B. (2020) · Dao companions to Chinese philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49228-1_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Calling Back the Soul: From Apocryphal Buddhist Sutras to Onmyōdō Rituals
Liang, C. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14040476 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhao, J. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14070860 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Otčenášek, J. (2025) · History of Religions · doi:10.1086/734916 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Daoism’s Threefold Defense of Ecocentrism
Li, X., & Jia, H. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16121510 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Counterhegemony Finds Place in a Hegemon
Gonzalez, J. J., & del Rosario, C. (2009) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822391166-016 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Laozi. De la figure du maître mythique à la divinité taoïque
Kim, K.-K. (2019) · Archimède Archéologie et histoire ancienne · doi:10.47245/archimede.0006.ds1.03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The introduction of anthropomorphic imagery in Daoist Ritual
Raz, G. (2022) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2022.2116852 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Littlejohn, R. L. (2004) · Dao · doi:10.1007/bf02856664 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Monastic Rules in Quanzhen Daoism: As Collected by Heinrich Hackmann
Köhn, L. (2003) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731397 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2002) · Religious Studies Review · doi:10.1111/j.1748-0922.2002.tb00383.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Biography and its social world: the ‘<i>Stele of Lord Lu</i>’
Swanger, T. (2020) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2020.1824399
Palumbo, A. (2021) · History of Religions · doi:10.1086/714918
Religion and Biography in China and Tibet Benjamin Penny, ed. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2002
Bumbacher, S. P. (2004) · Journal of Chinese Religions · doi:10.1179/073776904804760048
Sivin, N. (2015) · Archimedes · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20427-7_6
New Publications On Daoist Internal Alchemy: Golden Elixir Press
Hendrischke, B. (2016) · Religious Studies Review · doi:10.1111/rsr.12637
High on God: Religious Experience and Counter-Experience in Light of the Study of Religion
Kruger, M. C. (2020) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel11080388
Raising Rajas in Hathayoga and Beyond
Westoby, R. (2021) · Religions of South Asia · doi:10.1558/rosa.19012
Meditation, Vision and Visualization in Daoism and Buddhism
Bumbacher, S. P. (2020) · Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques · doi:10.1515/asia-2018-0025
Walker, S. C. (2021) · The Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion · doi:10.1002/9781119009924.eopr0091
(2009) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822391166-017
(1998) · Early China · doi:10.1017/s0362502800001449
Szönyi, M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118624593.refs
Eskildsen, S. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781444361995.ch20
Köhn, L. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203731437-13
Bumbacher, S. P. (2005) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-00091-0_517
The hidden alchemical images: an analysis of Chen Zi’ang’s Ganyu poems
Wu, W. (2024) · Studies in Chinese Religions · doi:10.1080/23729988.2024.2383511
Lunar Mansion, Solar Palace, and Golden Star
吳佳芸, W. C.-Y. (2024) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2024.2414667
Tan, J., & Bao, X. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16020181
Assandri, F. (2025) · Yearbook for Eastern and Western Philosophy · doi:10.1515/yewph-2025-0015
Apocalyptic Thought in Chinese Late Antiquity
Puett, M. (2025) · Monumenta Serica · doi:10.1080/02549948.2025.2488654
Wuwei and Ziran: The Daodejing and Environmental Philosophy
Nelson, E. S. (2026) · Dao companions to Chinese philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00106-1_31
The Daodejing in Daoist Practice
Köhn, L. (2026) · Dao companions to Chinese philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00106-1_24
Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel17101205
- Authors
- Stephen R., B.
- Venue
- University of California Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of California Press
- Published
- 1997-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W4234150628
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of California Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Study and Philosophy of Religion
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Keywords
- early Daoism, Daoist scriptures, Laozi, Tao Te Ching, charm, meditation practice, hell, Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese religion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review