The AMPK agonist 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), but not metformin, prevents inflammation‐associated cachectic muscle wasting
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Activation of AMPK has been associated with pro‐atrophic signaling in muscle. However, AMPK also has anti‐inflammatory effects, suggesting that in cachexia, a syndrome of inflammatory‐driven muscle wasting, AMPK activation could be beneficial. Here we show that the AMPK agonist AICAR suppresses IFNγ/TNFα‐induced atrophy, while the mitochondrial inhibitor metformin does not. IFNγ/TNFα impair mitochondrial oxidative respiration in myotubes and promote a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis, similarly to metformin. In contrast, AICAR partially restored metabolic function. The effects of AICAR were prevented by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C and were reproduced with A‐769662, a specific AMPK activator. AICAR and A‐769662 co‐treatment was found to be synergistic, suggesting that the anti‐cachectic effects of these drugs are mediated through AMPK activation. AICAR spared muscle mass in mouse models of cancer and LPS induced atrophy. Together, our findings suggest a dual function for AMPK during inflammation‐driven atrophy, wherein it can play a protective role when activated exogenously early in disease progression, but may contribute to anabolic suppression and atrophy when activated later through mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent metabolic stress.
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AICAR has been shown to counteract muscle loss in inflammatory diseases such as cancer cachexia and sepsis.
“Despite the fact that AICAR has been recently shown to counteract muscle loss in inflammatory diseases such as cancer cachexia and sepsis91, it can also elicit side effects due to the connection with FoxOs, mTOR, and ULK1.”
From Mechanisms of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy: implications in health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- Hall, D. T., Griss, T., Ma, J. F., Sanchez, B. J., Sadek, J., Tremblay, A. M. K., Mubaid, S., Omer, A., Ford, R. J., Bedard, N., Pause, A., Wing, S. S., Di Marco, S., Steinberg, G. R., Jones, R. G., & Gallouzi, I.
- Affiliations
- Institut du cancer Rosalind & Morris Goodman (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- Hamad bin Khalifa University (QA)
- Corresponding author
- Gallouzi, Imed‐Eddine
- ORCID
- Venue
- EMBO Molecular Medicine
- Published
- 2018-05-29
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- ISSN
- 1757-4676 (ISSN-L)
- 1757-4684
- PMC
- PMC6034131
- OpenAlex
- W2806099235
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- EMBO Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Chemical Biology Program at McGill University
- Gouvernement du Canada|Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP‐93799, MOP‐142399, PJT‐156397, CIHR‐125980‐1)
- Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (702565, 703394)
- Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP8‐457‐3‐101, MOP‐142399)
- Canadian Cancer Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- AMPK activation, AICAR, metformin, muscle atrophy, cachexia, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative respiration, aerobic glycolysis, cancer cachexia, compound C, A769662, drug synergy, myotubes
- MeSH terms
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Aminoimidazole Carboxamide, Animals, Cachexia, Cell Line, Enzyme Activation, Inflammation, Interferon-gamma, Male, Metformin, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mitochondria, Neoplasms, Experimental, Protein Kinases, Ribonucleotides, Shock, Septic, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Muscle, Skeletal, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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