Exendin-4 increases oxygen consumption and thermogenic gene expression in muscle cells
Open accessAbstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) has many anti-diabetic actions and also increases energy expenditure in vivo . As skeletal muscle is a major organ controlling energy metabolism, we investigated whether GLP1 can affect energy metabolism in muscle. We found that treatment of differentiated C2C12 cells with exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1 receptor agonist, reduced oleate:palmitate-induced lipid accumulation and triglyceride content compared with cells without Ex-4 treatment. When we examined the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), not only the basal OCR but also the OCR induced by oleate:palmitate addition was significantly increased in Ex-4-treated differentiated C2C12 cells, and this was inhibited by exendin-9, a GLP1 receptor antagonist. The expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), β 3 -adrenergic receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor a (PPARa) and farnesoid X receptor mRNA was significantly upregulated in Ex-4-treated differentiated C2C12 cells, and the upregulation of these mRNA was abolished by treatment with adenylate cyclase inhibitor (2′5′-dideoxyadenosine) or PKA inhibitor (H-89). As well, intramuscular injection of Ex-4 into diet-induced obese mice significantly increased the expression of UCP1, PPARa and p-AMPK in muscle. We suggest that exposure to GLP1 increases energy expenditure in muscle through the upregulation of fat oxidation and thermogenic gene expression, which may contribute to reducing obesity and insulin resistance.
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Exendin-4 upregulated UCP1 mRNA after 24 h in differentiated C2C12 cells, which was not replicated in the animal arm of the study.
“They also reported an upregulation of UCP1 mRNA after 24 h of 20 nM of Exendin‐4 in differentiated C2C12 cells, which interestingly was not replicated in the animal arm of the study [43].”
From The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Mitochondrial Function Within Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
The C2C12 results section confirms that 20 nM Exendin-4 upregulated UCP1 mRNA after 24 hours. But the in vivo results section reports a significant increase in UCP1 mRNA in mouse soleus muscle after four weeks of Exendin-4 treatment, contrary to the claim that the finding was not replicated in animals. The paper does not report a 24-hour animal comparison. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChoung et al. reported an increase in PGC-1α protein expression following incubation of C2C12 cells with 20-nM Exendin-4 for 12 h.
“Choung and colleagues [43] reported an increase in PCG‐1α protein expression following incubation of C2C12 cells with 20‐nM Exendin‐4 for 12 h.”
From The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Mitochondrial Function Within Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
The Results section, “Ex-4 treatment increased mRNA and protein expression of thermogenic genes in differentiated C2C12 cells,” reports that Ex-4 increased PGC-1α protein. The Figure 2 caption describes measuring that protein after treatment with 20 nM Ex-4 at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, but the text does not establish that the increase occurred specifically at 12 hours. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExendin-4 treatment increased basal and maximal respiration, increased uncoupling efficiency and proton leak compared with untreated C2C12 cells.
“Exendin‐4 treatment increased basal and maximal respiration, increased uncoupling efficiency and proton leak compared with untreated cells.”
From The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Mitochondrial Function Within Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
No effect was seen of exendin treatment on UCP2 or UCP3 mRNA expression.
“No effect was seen of exendin treatment on UPC2 or UPC3 mRNA expression.”
From The Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Mitochondrial Function Within Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [43]
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have a notable advantage for muscle preservation, minimally affect muscle mass loss, stimulate muscle contraction, and aid muscle recovery.
“The notable advantage for muscle preservation seems to be the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists34,35 and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i),36–38 which not only minimally affects muscle mass loss but also stimulates muscle contraction and aid in muscle recovery.”
From Imaging of Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2024) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Choung, J.-S., Lee, Y.-S., & Jun, H.-S.
- Affiliations
- 1College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceGachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Gachon University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Jun, Hee-Sook
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Bioscientifica
- Published
- 2017-02
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 79-90
- ISSN
- 0952-5041 (ISSN-L)
- 1479-6813
- OpenAlex
- W2556871022
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 1.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Korea Health Industry Development Institute (HI14C1135)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
- Keywords
- exendin-4, glucagon-like peptide-1, skeletal muscle energy metabolism, oxygen consumption, thermogenesis, UCP1, PPARα, farnesoid X receptor, beta3-adrenergic receptor, fat oxidation, lipid accumulation, AMPK, diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Uncoupling Protein 1, Exenatide, Cyclic AMP, Animals, Sterol Esterase, Energy Metabolism, Fatty Acids, Gene Expression Regulation, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Peptides, Venoms, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Muscle, Skeletal, Thermogenesis, Muscle Cells, PPAR alpha, Lipid Metabolism, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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