Cited by 156Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiologyFood Safety and HygieneListeria monocytogenes in Food Safety

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Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Contaminated Dry Dog and Cat Food, 2006–2008

Behravesh, Casey Barton, Ferraro, Aimee, Deasy, Marshall, Dato, Virginia, Moll, Mària, Sandt, Carol, Rea, Nancy K., Rickert, Regan, Marriott, Chandra, Warren, Kimberly, Urdaneta, Veronica, Salehi, Ellen, Villamil, Elizabeth, Ayers, Tracy, Hoekstra, R. M., Austin, Jana L., Ostroff, Stephen, Williams, Ian T., the Salmonella Schwarzengrund Outbreak Investigation Team·2010·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2009-3273

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Abstract

Objective Human Salmonella infections associated with dry pet food have not been previously reported. We investigated such an outbreak of Salmonella Schwarzengrund and primarily affecting young children. Patients and methods Two multistate case-control studies were conducted to determine the source and mode of infections among case-patients with the outbreak strain. Study 1 evaluated household exposures to animals and pet foods, and study 2 examined risk factors for transmission among infant case-patients. Environmental investigations were conducted. Results Seventy-nine case-patients in 21 states were identified; 48% were children aged 2 years or younger. Case-households were significantly more likely than control households to report dog contact (matched odds ratio [mOR]: 3.6) and to have recently purchased manufacturer X brands of dry pet food (mOR: 6.9). Illness among infant case-patients was significantly associated with feeding pets in the kitchen (OR: 4.4). The outbreak strain was isolated from opened bags of dry dog food produced at plant X, fecal specimens from dogs that ate manufacturer X dry dog food, and an environmental sample and unopened bags of dog and cat foods from plant X. More than 23 000 tons of pet foods were recalled. After additional outbreak-linked illnesses were identified during 2008, the company recalled 105 brands of dry pet food and permanently closed plant X. Conclusions Dry dog and cat foods manufactured at plant X were linked to human illness…

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Background
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Bashir, A., Lambert, P. A., Stedman, Y., & Hilton, A. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020909 · Cited by 18
Use of Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFA) to mitigate Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) on Dry Pet Food Kibbles.
Dhakal, J., & Aldrich, C. (2020) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/jfp-20-114 · Cited by 17
Salmonella infection and carriage: the importance of dogs and their owners
Leonard, F. (2014) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.g367 · Cited by 17
Fecal microbiota composition, serum metabolomics, and markers of inflammation in dogs fed a raw meat-based diet compared to those on a kibble diet
Hiney, K. M., Sypniewski, L. A., DeSilva, U., Pezeshki, A., Rudra, P., Goodarzi, P., Willis, E. L., & McFarlane, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1328513 · Cited by 22
A Review of Pet Food Recalls from 2003 through 2022.
DeBeer, J., Finke, M., Maxfield, A., Osgood, A.-M., Baumgartel, D. M., & Blickem, E. R. (2023) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100199 · Cited by 16
Prevalence of Salmonella in juvenile dogs affected with parvoviral enteritis
Botha, W., Schoeman, J., Marks, S., Whitehead, Z., & Annandale, C. (2018) · Journal of the South African Veterinary Association · doi:10.4102/jsava.v89i0.1731 · Cited by 16
“Salmonellosis is a well-established major zoonotic disease, which is commonly acquired as a foodborne disease in humans mostly through faecally contaminated food (Behravesh et al. 2010; Imanishi et al. 2014).”
Background
Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017
_, _., Daly, R. F., House, J., Stanek, D. R., & Stobierski, M. G. (2017) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.251.11.1268 · Cited by 42
Anti‐microbial resistance of Salmonella isolates from raw meat‐based dog food in Japan
Yukawa, S., Uchida, I., Takemitsu, H., Okamoto, A., Yukawa, M., OHSHIMA, S., & Tamura, Y. (2022) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.739 · Cited by 14
“…with Salmonella, but zoonotic transmission can also occur by direct exposure to the faces of reptiles, pets and other animals (Antunes et al., 2016; Behravesh et al., 2010; CDC, 2006, 2012; Cherry et al., 2004; Lambertini et al., 2016; Mizoguchi et al., 2011; Sato,Mori, et al., 2000; Tauni…”
Background
Genetic Determinants of Stress Resistance in Desiccated Salmonella enterica
Wang, Z.-Y., Zhu, T., Chen, Z., Meng, J., Simpson, D., & Gänzle, M. (2021) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01683-21 · Cited by 15
Survival of Salmonella on chamomile, peppermint, and green tea during storage and subsequent survival or growth following tea brewing.
Keller, S., Stam, C., Gradl, D., Chen, Z., Larkin, E. L., Pickens, S., & Chirtel, S. (2015) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-508 · Cited by 15
Inactivation of Salmonella, Shiga Toxin-producing E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Diet Pet Foods Using High-Pressure Processing
Lee, A., Maks, N. D., Aguilar, V. L., Piszczor, K., Swicegood, B., Ye, M., Warren, J. L., O’Neill, E. N., Fleck, M., & Tejayadi, S. (2023) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100124 · Cited by 16
Current Evidence on Raw Meat Diets in Pets: A Natural Symbol, but a Nutritional Controversy
Lyu, Y., Wu, C., Li, L., & Pu, J. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15030293 · Cited by 15
Use of Organic Acid Mixtures Containing 2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio) Butanoic Acid (HMTBa) to Mitigate Salmonella enterica, Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Aspergillus flavus in Pet Food Kibbles
Deliephan, A., Dhakal, J., Subramanyam, B., & Aldrich, C. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13050877 · Cited by 12
“For instance, from 2006 to 2008, an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Schwarzengrund, included 79 illnesses over 21 states, resulted in the recall of 105 brands of dry pet food and permanently closed a manufacturing plant in Pennsylvania [7].”
Background
Governance and One Health: Exploring the Impact of Federalism and Bureaucracy on Zoonotic Disease Detection and Reporting
Allen, H. A. (2015) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci2020069 · Cited by 12
Rapid detection of Salmonella in pet food: design and evaluation of integrated methods based on real-time PCR detection.
Balachandran, P., Friberg, M. A., Vanlandingham, V. L., Kozak, K., Manolis, A., Brevnov, M., Crowley, E. S., Bird, P., Goins, D., Furtado, M., et al. (2012) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-210 · Cited by 12
Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada
MURRAY, R., Tataryn, J. R., Pintar, K. D. M., & Thomas, M. K. (2017) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268817002436 · Cited by 11
Comprehensive microbiological evaluation of dry foods for growing dogs marketed in Poland
Hołda, K., Głogowski, R., Hać-Szymańczuk, E., & Wiczuk, W. (2017) · doi:10.22630/aas.2017.56.1.10 · Cited by 11
ENTERIC PATHOGENS OF DOGS AND CATS WITH PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
Καντερέ, Μ. (2014) · American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2014.84.94 · Cited by 10
Outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections in people linked to pig ear pet treats, United States, 2015–2019: results of a multistate investigation
Nichols, M., Stapleton, G. S., Rotstein, D. S., Gollarza, L., Adams, J., Caidi, H., Chen, J. C., Hodges, A. S., Glover, M., Peloquin, S. K., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100769 · Cited by 10
Assessment of the content of macronutrients and microbiological safety of dry dog foods
Kępińska-Pacelik, J., Biel, W., Witkowicz, R., Frączek, K., & Bulski, K. (2023) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105071 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of canine raw food products for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the order Enterobacterales
Cole, S., Healy, I., Dietrich, J., & Redding, L. (2022) · American Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0205 · Cited by 10
Assessing the Efficacy of Sodium Bisulfate and Organic Acid Treatments for Control of Salmonella Typhimurium in Rendered Chicken Fat Applied to Pet Foods.
Dhakal, J., Aldrich, C., & Knueven, C. (2019) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-560 · Cited by 10
[Pet ownership and health status of pets from immunocompromised children, with emphasis in zoonotic diseases].
Abarca, K., JavierLópezDel, P., & AnamaríaPeña, D. (2011) · Revista chilena de infectología · doi:10.4067/s0716-10182011000300001 · Cited by 10
Effect of electron beam irradiation on microbial inactivation, nutritional and quality properties of semi-moist pet foods
Sethukali, A. K., Lee, H. J., Park, D., Kim, H. J., Lee, H., & Jo, C. (2025) · Radiation Physics and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112689 · Cited by 9
Use of Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics: Technical Report
Katz, S. E., Banerjee, R., O’Leary, S. T., Campbell, J. D., Ardura, M. I., Bryant, K. A., Caserta, M. T., Frenck, R. W., Gerber, J. S., John, C. C., et al. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-068467 · Cited by 11
Detection and Isolation of Salmonella spp. in Animal Feeds from 2007-2011
Hsieh, Y.-C., Lee, K., Poole, T., Runyon, M., Jones, B., & Herrman, T. (2014) · Journal of regulatory science · doi:10.21423/jrs.regsci.2113 · Cited by 9
“…Johannesburg, Litchfield, Montevideo, Newport, Panama, Saint Paul, Schwarzengrund, Senftenberg, Tennessee, Typhi, Typhimurium, and Wandsworth (Behravesh et al., 2010; Braden, 2006; Gupta et al., 2007; Harris et al., 2010; Medus et al., 2006; Mody et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2008; Sotir et…”
Exposures Associated with Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Infections Caused by Newport, Javiana, and Mississippi Serotypes in Tennessee, 2013–2015: A Case-Case Analysis
Mukherjee, N., Nolan, V., Dunn, J., & Banerjee, P. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9020078 · Cited by 8
Raw feeding in dogs and cats
Craig, J. M. (2019) · Companion animal · doi:10.12968/coan.2018.0068 · Cited by 11
Sanitizing in Dry-Processing Environments Using Isopropyl Alcohol Quaternary Ammonium Formula.
Kane, D., Getty, K., Mayer, B., & Mazzotta, A. (2016) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-257 · Cited by 8
Survival rate of salmonella on cooked pig ear pet treats at refrigerated and ambient temperature storage.
Taormina, P. (2014) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-305 · Cited by 8
When Pet Snacks Look Like Children's Toys! The Potential Role of Pet Snacks in Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens in the Household
Castrica, M., Menchetti, L., Panseri, S., Cami, M., & Balzaretti, C. M. (2020) · Foodborne Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1089/fpd.2020.2839 · Cited by 7
“Rigorous quantiﬁcation of these variables would signiﬁcantly advance the development of risk-based prevention and mitigation strategies in the household (Behravesh et al. , 2010).”
Assessing the potential for Salmonella growth in rehydrated dry dog food
Oni, R. A., Lambertini, E., & Buchanan, R. (2014) · International Journal of Food Contamination · doi:10.1186/s40550-016-0043-5 · Cited by 7
The Role of Nutrition in Canine Performance and Rehabilitation
Wakshlag, J. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118783443.ch4 · Cited by 7
Antimicrobial Resistance and Zoonotic Potential of Nontyphoidal Salmonella from Household Dogs
Kenney, S. M., M'ikanatha, N., & Ganda, E. (2024) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.13174 · Cited by 6
“…of contaminated pet food products, including dry food and raw food, can also introduce Salmonella into household environments, increasing transmission risk (Arsevska et al., 2017; Behravesh et al., 2010; Davies et al., 2019; Finley et al., 2006, 2007; Hellgren et al., 2019; Schotte et al., 2007).”
Evaluation of peroxyacetic acid, liquid buffered vinegar, and cultured dextrose fermentate as potential antimicrobial interventions for raw chicken livers
Cancio, L. P. M., Danao, M. C., Sullivan, G. A., & Chaves, B. D. (2023) · Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.1111/jfs.13054 · Cited by 7
Strain and serovar variants of Salmonella enterica exhibit diverse tolerance to food chain-related stressPreprint
Pye, H. V., Thilliez, G., Acton, L., Kolenda, R., Al-Khanaq, H., Grove, S., & Kingsley, R. (2022) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.10.11.511718 · Cited by 6
Consumer attitudes toward bacteriophage applications to pet food
Eagan, B. H., Wang, S., Hall, N. J., & Protopopova, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.921508 · Cited by 6
Subtyping Salmonella isolated from pet dogs with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)
Yang, C., Shao, W., Wei, L., Chen, L., Zhu, A.-H., & Pan, Z. (2021) · AMB Express · doi:10.1186/s13568-021-01221-9 · Cited by 6
Salmonellosis impacts the proportions of faecal microbial populations in domestic cats fed 1–3-d-old chicks
Kerr, K., Dowd, S., & Swanson, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.20 · Cited by 6
Animal Feed Mill Biosecurity: Prevention of Biological Hazards
Huss, A., Cochrane, R., Muckey, M., & Jones, C. (2018) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811835-1.00004-x · Cited by 6
Modifiable early life risk factors for dental calculus in dogs: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Finland
Hemida, M. B. M., Holm, S., Eklundh, M., & Hielm-Björkman, A. K. (2025) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-025-04885-8 · Cited by 5
Microbial assessment of commercial pet foods marketed in the United Arab Emirates
Hadid, M., Alwan, N. H., Dimassi, H. I., Deghel, M. E., Khatib, S. E., Serhan, M., & Hassan, H. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1389981 · Cited by 7
The Nutritional Value Adequacy and Microbiological Quality of Canned Foods for Puppies and Adult Dogs
Kazimierska, K., Biel, W., Witkowicz, R., & Karakulska, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14020760 · Cited by 5
High-pressure processing inactivation of Salmonella in raw pet food for dog is enhanced by acidulation with lactic acid
Serra-Castelló, C., Possas, A., Jofré, A., Garriga, M., & Bover-Cid, S. (2022) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115347 · Cited by 5

Authors: Behravesh, C. B., Ferraro, A., Deasy, M., Dato, V., Moll, M., Sandt, C., Rea, N. K., Rickert, R., Marriott, C., Warren, K., Urdaneta, V., Salehi, E., Villamil, E., Ayers, T., Hoekstra, R. M., Austin, J. L., Ostroff, S., Williams, I. T., & the Salmonella Schwarzengrund Outbreak Investigation Team
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Pennsylvania Department of Health (US)
Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania;
Ohio Department of Health (US)
New York State Department of Health (US)
National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases, and
ORCID: Behravesh, Casey Barton
Ferraro, Aimee
Dato, Virginia
Ayers, Tracy
Hoekstra, R. M.
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2010-09-01
Volume: 126
Issue: 3
Pages: 477-483
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3273
OpenAlex: W2117577767
Cited by: 156
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 11.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
Keywords: Salmonella Schwarzengrund, salmonellosis, dry pet food, dog food, cat food, foodborne outbreak, zoonotic transmission, human-to-human transmission, infants, household exposure, food contamination, food storage and handling
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Animal Feed, Cats, Child, Child, Preschool, Disease Outbreaks, Dogs, Female, Food Microbiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Time Factors, United States, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult

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Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Contaminated Dry Dog and Cat Food, 2006–2008

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