Food Insecurity and Obesogenic Maternal Infant Feeding Styles and Practices in Low-Income Families
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We explored the relationship between household food insecurity and maternal feeding styles, infant feeding practices, and perceptions and attitudes about infant weight in low-income mothers. METHODS: Mothers participating in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children with infants aged between 2 weeks and 6 months were interviewed. By using regression analyses, the following relationships were examined between food insecurity and: (1) controlling feeding styles (restrictive and pressuring); (2) infant feeding practices, including breastfeeding, juice consumption, and adding cereal to the bottle; and (3) perceptions and attitudes about infant weight. Path analysis was used to determine if perceptions and attitudes about infant weight mediated the relationships between food insecurity and controlling feeding styles. RESULTS: The sample included 201 mother–infant pairs, with 35% reporting household food insecurity. Food-insecure mothers were more likely to exhibit restrictive (B [SE]: 0.18 [0.08]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02–0.34) and pressuring (B [SE]: 0.11 [0.06]; 95% CI: 0.001–0.22) feeding styles compared with food-secure mothers. No associations were found with feeding practices. Concern for their infant becoming overweight in the future was associated with food insecurity (adjusted odds ratio: 2.11 [95% CI: 1.02–4.38]). This concern mediated the relationship between food insecurity and both restrictive (P = .009) and pressuring (P = .01) feeding styles. CONCLUSIONS: Increased concern about future overweight and controlling feeding styles represent potential mechanisms by which food insecurity could be related to obesity. Obesity prevention should aim to decrease food insecurity and to reduce controlling feeding styles in families who remain food insecure.
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Material hardships are associated with poor outcomes in key infant domains such as cognitive development, obesogenic feeding behaviors, and decreased sleep duration.
“Previous studies have identified associations between material hardships, or a lack of essential resources, and poor outcomes in key infant domains such as cognitive development [5], obesogenic feeding behaviors [6], and decreased sleep duration [7].”
From Material Hardship and Stress from COVID-19 in Immigrant Chinese American Families with Infants (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
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Chowdhury, M. R. K., Khan, M., Islam, M. R., Perera, N. K. P., Shumack, M., & Kader, M. (2015) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.13325 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“households with uneducated mothers are more vulnerable to HFI (9).”
BackgroundMcCurdy, K., Gans, K. M., Risica, P. M., Fox, K., & Tovar, A. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105857 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Household Food Security and Infant Adiposity
Benjamin‐Neelon, S. E., Allen, C., & Neelon, B. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3725 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gross, R. S., Mendelsohn, A. L., Gross, M. B., Scheinmann, R., & Messito, M. J. (2016) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.02.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A study of low-income Hispanic mothers with infants in the first 6 months of life showed that food-insecure mothers are more likely to exhibit controlling feeding styles, mediated by concern for the infant becoming overweight.(28) Food insecure families also have decreased parental selfefficacy to make fruit and veget…”
BackgroundSelf-citationFood Insecurity During Early Childhood: Marker for Disparities in Healthy Growth and Development
Gross, R. S., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2430 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In accumulating research, it has been shown that food insecurity affects feeding practices 13 – 15 and styles 16 – 18 that contribute to early child obesity.”
Self-citationDiet quality in children: A function of grandparents’ feeding practices?
Jongenelis, M. I., Morley, B., Pratt, I., & Talati, Z. (2020) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103899 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neelon, S. E. B., Burgoine, T., Gallis, J. A., & Monsivais, P. (2017) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2017.07.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“While the precise pathways linking food insecurity and obesity in 262 young children are not known, studies suggest that unhealthy dietary intake and inappropriate 263 feeding behaviors may play a role [45-49].”
BackgroundNutrition Board (2014) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Total Breastfeeding Duration and Household Food Insecurity in Healthy Urban Children
Wong, P. D., Parkin, P. C., Moodie, R. G., Dai, D. W. H., Maguire, J. L., Birken, C. S., & Borkhoff, C. M. (2019) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2019.02.009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kininmonth, A. R., Herle, M., Haycraft, E., Farrow, C. V., Croker, H. A., Pickard, A., Edwards, K. L., Blissett, J. M., & Llewellyn, C. H. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106541 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Parental feeding practices have been shown to differ by socioeconomic status and ethnicity (Cardel et al., 2012; Gross et al., 2012a), with lower SES linked to greater use of pressure to eat and restriction (Gross et al., 2012b).”
Hails, K. A., Zhou, Y., & Shaw, D. S. (2019) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lucas, C. T., Messito, M. J., Gross, R. S., Tomopoulos, S., Fierman, A. H., Cates, C. B., Johnson, S. B., Dreyer, B. P., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2016.08.017 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Country of origin was categorized based on birth inside vs outside the US.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationYong, H. Y., Shariff, Z. M., Yusof, B. N. M., Rejali, Z., Tee, Y. Y. S., BINDELS, J. G., & van der Beek, E. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052694 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The association between overweight/obese food insecure women and higher GWG could be due to unhealthy eating behavior [44], whereby food insecure women tend to choose high-calorie energy dense but low-nutrient foods (lower protein and micronutrients containing foods, but higher intake of energy dense snack foods) [45,…”
BackgroundComplementary Feeding and Overweight in European Preschoolers: The ToyBox-Study
Usheva, N., Galcheva, S., Cardon, G., Craemer, M. D., Androutsos, O., Kotowska, A., Socha, P., Koletzko, B. V., Moreno, L. A., Iotova, V., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041199 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Darling, K. E., Fahrenkamp, A. J., Ruzicka, E. B., & Sato, A. F. (2017) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2017.1337517 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“previous samples, food insecurity has been related to higher levels of these controlling feeding practices; however, these studies had been conducted in younger children (Feinberg et al., 2008; Gross et al., 2012).”
ResultNa, M., Jomaa, L., Eagleton, S. G., & Savage, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxab001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Compared to those in food-secure households, food-insecure caregivers were more likely to endorse using food to soothe their crying infants and less likely to pay attention to babies’ hunger or fullness cues in infants aged 2 months (11); more likely to exhibit restrictive and pressuring feeding styles in infants aged…”
BackgroundLow‐Income Immigrant Hispanic Mothers' Concerns and Perceptions of Their Young Child's Weight
Hernandez, D. C., Reesor-Oyer, L. M., Machuca, I., Chishty, M., & Alonso, Y. (2016) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12252 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ellison, R. G., Greer, B. P., Burney, J. L., Goodell, L. S., Bower, K., Nicklas, J. C., Lou, Z., & Kavanagh, K. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2017.04.027 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sharma, T. S., Somarriba, G. A., Arheart, K. L., Neri, D. A., Mathew, M. S., Graham, P. L., Scott, G. B., & Miller, T. L. (2018) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000001963 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
McFarren, H., Vazquez, C. E., Jacobs, E. A., Tejera, G. D. L., & Gray, M. J. (2020) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12983 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Material Hardship and Stress from COVID-19 in Immigrant Chinese American Families with Infants
Duh-Leong, C., Yin, H. S., Yi, S. S., Chen, S. L., Mui, A., Perrin, E. M., Zhao, Q., & Gross, R. S. (2022) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01267-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Previous studies have identified associations between material hardships, or a lack of essential resources, and poor outcomes in key infant domains such as cognitive development [5], obesogenic feeding behaviors [6], and decreased sleep duration”
BackgroundSelf-citationPasha, V. C., Gerchow, L., Lyndon, A., Clark‐Cutaia, M. N., & Wright, F. (2024) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2023.0116 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“32,40 34,38 Studies addressed additional child-specific”
Impacts of Food Insecurity on Child Development: Strengthening the Role of Childcare
Casey, E. G., & Winsler, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152427 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Baxter, K. A., Kerr, J. T., Nambiar, S., Gallegos, D., Penny, R. A., Laws, R., & Byrne, R. (2024) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.14051 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Diet Quality in Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study
Whiteoak, B., Dawson, S. L., Callaway, L. K., de Jersey, S., Eley, V. A., Evans, J. L., Kothari, A., Navarro, S., & Gallegos, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16091319 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Buccini, G., Larrison, C., Neupane, S., Palapa, M., Schincaglia, R. M., Brown, S., & Gubert, M. B. (2024) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13696 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Maternal Stress and Infant Feeding in Hispanic Families Experiencing Poverty
Gross, R. S., Brown, N. M., Mendelsohn, A. L., Katzow, M. W., Arana, M. M., & Messito, M. J. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.04.022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationInfant appetite and weight gain in early infancy: Moderating effects of controlling feeding styles
Shriver, L. H., Eagleton, S. G., Lawless, M., Buehler, C. A., Wideman, L., & Leerkes, E. M. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106139 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Budge, M., Sharifi, M., Maciejewski, K. R., Diehl, D., Paige, M., Nogelo, P., Rosenthal, M. S., & Fenick, A. M. (2023) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.12.017 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pérez, M., Ohrt, T. K., Bruening, A. B., Taylor, A. B., Liew, J., Diest, A. M. K. V., & Ungredda, T. (2018) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-018-0192-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Despite these issues, the CFQ has been used to make group comparisons across a number of different groups, such as parents with boys versus girls [15], Latino versus European Americans [11, 16], food secure and food insecure households [5, 17] and among lowincome families without an assessment of food security [18, 19…”
MethodApplying the Family Stress Model to responsive feeding and early obesity prevention
Ruggiero, C. F., Trexberg, K. M., Moore, A. M., & Savage, J. S. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107515 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Searle, B., Staton, S., Littlewood, R., & Thorpe, K. J. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105811 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lindsay, A. C., Vianna, G. V. D. B., Arruda, C. A. M., Alves, A. D. S. M., Hasselmann, M. H., Machado, M. M. T., & Greaney, M. L. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020001123 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“parental feeding beliefs and practices(61,62).”
Koning, M., Vink, J. M., Renders, C. M., Notten, N., Eisinga, R., & Larsen, J. K. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082485 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Smith, A. D., Kininmonth, A. R., Tommerup, K., Boniface, D. R., Gericke, C., Denning, T., Summerbell, C. D., Vogel, C., & Llewellyn, C. H. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-025-01788-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Previous research has also that parents from more disadvantaged backgrounds report using food as a reward or comforter for their child more frequently than do parents from more advantaged backgrounds [45–47].”
Early Childhood Food Insecurity and Cardiovascular Health in Young Adulthood
Lam, E., Gauen, A., Kandula, N. R., Notterman, D. A., Goldman, N., Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Allen, N. B., & Shah, N. S. (2025) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2025.1062 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Delahunt, A., Conway, M. C., O’Brien, E. C., Geraghty, A. A., O’Keeffe, L. M., O'Reilly, S. L., McDonnell, C. M., Kearney, P. M., Mehegan, J., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03423-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Household food security and breast-feeding duration among Canadian Inuit
McIsaac, K. E., Stock, D., & Lou, W. Y. W. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001600166x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Difficulty buying food, BMI, and eating habits in young children
Fuller, A. E., Maguire, J. L., Carsley, S., Chen, Y., Lebovic, G., Omand, J. A., Parkin, P. C., & Birken, C. S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/cjph.108.6049 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
So, T. H. J., Byrne, R., Nambiar, S., Gallegos, D., & Baxter, K. A. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107197 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This is consistent with maternal-focused research where low-income and food insecure families minimised purchasing disliked foods, exhibited more restrictive behaviours and experienced more family meal challenges (Daniel, 2016; Gross et al., 2012; Harris et al., 2019; Trofholz et al., 2021).”
ResultSocioeconomic Position and Picky Eating Behavior Predict Disparate Weight Trajectories in Infancy
Galloway, A. T., Watson, P., Pitama, S. G., & Farrow, C. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00528 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Eagleton, S. G., Shriver, L. H., Buehler, C. A., Wideman, L., & Leerkes, E. M. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac225 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Duh‐Leong, C., Messito, M. J., Katzow, M. W., Kim, C. N., Mendelsohn, A. L., Scott, M. A., & Gross, R. S. (2024) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2023.0149 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“4,5,20 We grouped adverse SDoHs in two domains likely to affect health through different pathways 7,21 : psychosocial stressors that intensify emotional stress (low social support, single marital status, and maternal depressive symptoms) and material hardships when families are unable to meet basic…”
Self-citationEarly Childhood Obesity: A Developmental Perspective
Pesch, M. H., & Lumeng, J. C. (2021) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-050620-124758 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gaffney, K. F., Brito, A. V., Kitsantas, P., Kermer, D. A., Pereddo, G., & Ramos, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2018.02.017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“By contrast, Gross et al. (2012) found that mothers reporting food insecurity were more likely to affirm controlling infant feeding styles than mothers who were food secure.”
Predictors of Food Insecurity in Lewiston, Maine: A Community-Level Analysis
Harris, D. E., Aboueissa, A., Walter, K., & Bampton, M. (2014) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2013.840549 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“One study of mother–infant pairs found that food insecure mothers were more likely to engage in feeding behaviors (restrictive and pressuring behaviors) that might be related to future obesity.(45) This study did not measure obesity.”
BackgroundEarly Life Factors for Overweight Risk Among Infants of Hispanic Immigrant Mothers
Gaffney, K. F., Kermer, D. A., Kitsantas, P., Brito, A. V., Ramos, K. M., Pereddo, G., & Villatoro, L. G. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.05.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Off the Charts: Identifying and Visualizing Body Mass Index Trajectories of Rural, Poor Youth
Rollins, B. Y., & Francis, L. A. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Low breastfeeding rates and early introduction of solids have been associated with lower socioeconomic status (46), and Gibbs et al suggest that infant feeding practices may partially explain the link between SES and obesity.”
BackgroundDuration of US Residence And Resource Needs In Immigrant Families With Young Children
Duh‐Leong, C., Tomopoulos, S., Nastro, A., Sharif, I., Ibanez-Gomez, L., Caprio, C. D., Nagpal, N., & Fierman, A. H. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02182-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Since about 20% of US children live in poverty, research has emerged about poverty-related social drivers of health including associations between food insecurity and obesogenic feeding styles (Gross et al., 2012), housing disrepair with infant and toddler sleep practices (Duh-Leong et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationFactors associated with infant feeding styles in the Federal District, Brazil
Coleta, H., Schincaglia, R. M., Gubert, M. B., & Pedroso, J. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106290 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The potential role of social care in reducing childhood obesity
Herrera, E. C., Figueroa-Nieves, A. I., & Baidal, J. W. (2023) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001309 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Silva, D. A. D., Anderson, E. A., Kim, J., Lee, M. T., & Thoma, M. E. (2024) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2023.0126 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Varela, E., Shelnutt, K. P., Miller, D., Zeldman, J., & Mobley, A. R. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2024.07.160 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Unpredictable Feeding Impairs Glucose Tolerance in Growing Lambs
Jaquiery, A. L., Oliver, M. H., Landon-Lane, N., Matthews, S. J., Harding, J. E., & Bloomfield, F. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Food Insecurity: Determinants and Impacts
Darmon, N., & Caillavet, F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55942-1_9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Balantekin, K. N., Moore, A. M., Ruggiero, C. F., & Savage, J. S. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106052 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Infant Feeding Varies Across Eating Behavior and Feeding Modalities in Mothers With Low Income
Kebbe, M., Altazan, A. D., Beyl, R. A., Gilmore, L. A., & Redman, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2022.03.004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association between unmet social needs and healthy lifestyle parenting behaviors
Egan, K. A., Luo, M., Perkins, M. E., Castro, I., Sandel, M. T., Kistin, C. J., Taveras, E. M., & Fiechtner, L. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1015610 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prevalence and characterization of food insecurity in a Canadian paediatric emergency department
MacBain, E., Eltorki, M., Marjerrison, S., Pardhan, A., Wahi, G., & Ngo, Q. (2023) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxac133 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Khalsa, A. S., Copeland, K. A., Kharofa, R. Y., Geraghty, S. R., DeWitt, T. G., & Woo, J. G. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxac123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Food Insecurity and Parent Feeding Practices in Urban and Rural Children Aged 7–12 Years
Elgersma, K. M., Martin, C. L., Friend, S. E., Lee, J., Horning, M. L., & Fulkerson, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2022.08.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
de Brito, J. N., Friedman, J., Johnson, S. T., Berge, J. M., & Mason, S. M. (2024) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980024001514 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The burgeoning literature examining whether food insecurity and access to food assistance programs in the US influence breastfeeding duration has demonstrated inconsistent findings (4 – 6) .”
BackgroundBensignor, M. O., FREESE, R. L., Sherwood, N. E., Berge, J. M., Kunin‐Batson, A., Veblen‐Mortenson, S., & French, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2021.1994506 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lappan, S. N., Harman, T., Pavela, G., & Hendricks, P. S. (2022) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000347 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gross, R. S., Mendelsohn, A. L., Fierman, A. H., Racine, A. D., & Messito, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2012-08-01
- Volume
- 130
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 254-261
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1999090626
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 13.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (T01CD000146)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- food insecurity, infant feeding practices, maternal feeding styles, restrictive feeding, breastfeeding, juice consumption, low-income households, obesity prevention, WIC program
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Beverages, Body Weight, Breast Feeding, Edible Grain, Cross-Sectional Studies, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Food Supply, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Male, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Obesity, Poverty, Risk Factors, United States, Urban Population, Infant Formula, White People, Overweight
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