Language Problems in Children with ADHD: A Community-Based Study
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OBJECTIVES: To examine the prevalence of language problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus non-ADHD controls, and the impact of language problems on the social and academic functioning of children with ADHD. METHODS: Children (6 to 8 years) with ADHD (n = 179) and controls (n = 212) were recruited through 43 Melbourne schools. ADHD was assessed by using the Conners 3 ADHD Index and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. Oral language was assessed by using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, fourth edition, screener. Academic functioning was measured via direct assessment (Wide Range Achievement Test 4) and teacher report (Social Skills Improvement System). Social functioning was measured via parent and teacher report (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Social Skills Improvement System). Logistic and linear regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and child comorbidities. RESULTS: Children with ADHD had a higher prevalence of language problems than controls after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities (odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 5.1). Compared with children with ADHD alone, those with language problems had poorer word reading (mean difference [MD], −11.6; 95% CI, −16.4 to −6.9; effect size, −0.7), math computation (MD, −11.4; 95% CI, −15.0 to −7.7; effect size, −0.8), and academic competence (MD, −10.1; 95% CI, −14.0 to −6.1; effect size, −0.7). Language problems were not associated with poorer social functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD had a higher prevalence of language problems than controls, and language problems in children with ADHD contributed to markedly poorer academic functioning.
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Language disorders are known to be more prevalent in children and adolescents with ADHD than in healthy ones.
“Language disorders are known to be more prevalent in children and adolescents with ADHD than in healthy ones (Sciberras et al. 2014).”
From Measurement Invariance of the WISC-V across a Clinical Sample of Children and Adolescents with ADHD and a Matched Control Group (2024) · cites this paper as Sciberras et al. 2014
The Prevalence of Language Problems section (p. 4) reports language problems in 40% of children with ADHD versus 17% of controls. However, the Methods (p. 1) specify that participants were 6–8 years old, so this study does not establish the claim for adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“…of children with ADHD and co-occurring language difficulties to receive significantly lower academic achievement test scores (Cohen et al., 2000; Sciberras et al., 2014), as well as lower teacher-rated academic competence scores (Sciberras et al., 2014) compared to children with ADHD without…”
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“…BDNF, and NGFR, but also neurotransmitter release or neurite outgrowth including ERC2 and CREB5 and associated with the symptoms and severity of ADHD (van Mil et al., 2014; Park et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2015; Dadds et al., 2016; Heinrich et al., 2017; Sengupta et al., 2017; Neumann et al., 2020).”
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“There are also high rates of co-occurrence with Australian research finding up to 40% of students with ADHD also have a comorbid language disorder (Sciberras et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultLee, J. C., Mueller, K. L., & Tomblin, J. B. (2015) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2015.1089359 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A recent population-based study estimated that having DLI increases the risk for ADHD three-fold (Mueller & Tomblin, 2012; see also Sciberras et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFOXP2 and language alterations in psychiatric pathology
Castro-Martínez, X. H., Moltó, M. D., Morales-Marín, M. E., Flóres-Lázaro, J. C., González-Fernández, J., Gutiérrez-Nájera, N., Alvarez-Amado, D. E., & Sánchez, J. H. N. (2019) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2019.039 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“For example, limited evidence has shown pragmatic language deficits, but not oral language problems, are linked to interpersonal functioning among these youth (Sciberras et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRedmond, S. M., Russell, K. M. H., & Wilder, A. (2019) · Seminars in Speech and Language · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1692963 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Conners 3rd Edition (Conners 3; Conners 2008)
Conners, C. K., Rzepa, S. R., Pitkanen, J., & Mears, S. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1534 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Variability of theory of mind versus pragmatic ability in typical and atypical development
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Procedural Sequence Learning in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Sanjeevan, T., Cardy, R. E., & Anagnostou, E. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.560064 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Previous literature has indicated that nearly two-thirds of children with ADHD present with co-occurring language disorders that impact language form including sound sequencing, word structuring and sentence formulation (Cohen, 1988; Johnson et al., 1999; Mueller and Tomblin, 2012; Sciberras et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSanjeevan, T., Hammill, C. F., Brian, J. A., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R. J., Kelley, E. A., Liu, X., Nicolson, R., Iaboni, A., Fragiadakis, S. D., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.587019 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“A communitybased study revealed that children with ADHD are nearly three times more likely to have comorbid language problems (Sciberras et al., 2014).”
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Language Development Disorder in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), a Case Study
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“These difficulties may also become concurrent with language disorders (Sciberras et al. 2014; Curtis et al. 2018).”
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Psycholinguistic profiling of children with sluggish cognitive tempo
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“Our examination of this relationship was motivated by high levels of variability across reports of comorbidity between ADHD and SLI.”
InfluentialThe Comorbid Diagnosis of ASD and ADHD: Clinical and Neuropsychological Perspectives
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Self-citationSamniya, H., Taylor, S., Tatsuki, M. O., & Tripp, G. (2025) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547251345177 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Children with ADHD are also at increased risk for disorders that impact social communication (e.g., autism and social pragmatic communication disorder; Carruthers et al., 2022; Green et al., 2014; Redmond, 2020; Sciberras et al., 2014; Tannock, 2018).”
Doucet, G. E., Kruse, J. A., Eden, N. M., Goffman, L., & McGregor, K. K. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105637 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…disorder such as schizophrenia (note that we did include one child with DLD who also had ADHD, a condition that is commonly comorbid with DLD (Sciberras et al., 2014)) based on parental report, (2) had normal hearing (thresholds > 20 dB at 1, 2, and 4 kHz), bilaterally; based on a pure tone…”
Russell, K. M. H., & Redmond, S. M. (2024) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2024_persp-24-00035 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jepsen, I. B., Brynskov, C., Thomsen, P. H., Rask, C. U., & Lambek, R. (2025) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.70007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For instance, children with ADHD have a higher risk of developing language disorders (Sciberras et al., 2014), have a higher rate of pragmatic language difficulties (Carruthers et al., 2021), and This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which…”
Stark, S., Geertsema, S., le Roux, M., & Bothma, E. (2022) · South African Journal of Childhood Education · doi:10.4102/sajce.v12i1.1085 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Approximately 20% – 40% of children with inattentive type ADHD have dyslexia (Sciberras et al. 2014; Wadsworth et al. 2015).”
BackgroundRen, H., Li, Y., Bi, H., & Yang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100519 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
de Paula, E., & Navas, A. L. (2018) · Revista CEFAC · doi:10.1590/1982-021620182064718 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“2018 Nov-Dez; 20(6):785-797 ARTICLE PARTICIPANTS READING PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES Academic Achievement in Adults with a History of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Prospective Study (6) 367 with ADHD.”
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Phonological Processing and other Language Parameters in ADHD Children
Khalid, A., Ahmed, M., Mahmoud, N. F., Mohamed, A., & Abdelmonem, A. A. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Ear Nose Throat and Allied Sciences · doi:10.21608/ejentas.2021.74369.1358 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These problems may be delayed language acquisition, receptive and expressive vocabulary[45].”
BackgroundDoucet, G. E., Kruse, J. A., Mertens, A. T., Goldsmith, C., Eden, N. M., Oleson, J., & McGregor, K. K. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105531 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interpersonal negotiation skills in ADHD
de Figueiredo, T. C., Sudo, F. K., Serra-Pinheiro, M. A., Tripp, G., & Mattos, P. (2022) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2021.2025424 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Visual noise effect on reading in three developmental disorders: ASD, ADHD, and DD
Mihaylova, M., Bocheva, N. B., Stefanova, M., Genova, B., Totev, T., Racheva, K., Shtereva, K., & Staykova, S. N. (2022) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/23969415221106119 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Concerning reading performance in children with ADHD, Sciberras et al. (2014) found a high prevalence of language problems in children with ADHD, which caused them to have a reduced reading speed of words.”
BackgroundResultHoza, B., Shoulberg, E. K., Dennis, M., Waschbusch, D. A., & Pelham, W. E. (2023) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01560-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Indeed, results of a large community-based investiga - tion highlighted that within a sample of school-aged chil - dren, only 42% of children with ADHD and co-occurring language problems had ever received speech-language intervention [ 10 ].”
InfluentialZeidan, H. M., Nashaat, N. H., Hemimi, M., Hashish, A. F., Elsaeid, A., EL-Ghaffar, N. A., Helal, S. I., & Meguid, N. A. (2024) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-024-02220-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Many children with ADHD were reported to manifest delayed language development (Sciberras et al. 2014).”
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Verlauf exekutiver Funktionen bei Vorschulkindern mit Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Loukusa, S. (2017) · Perspectives in pragmatics, psychology & philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47489-2_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Oral language skills and mental health in female prisoners: pragmatic skills are essential
Morken, F., Helland, W., Evanger, E., Vårvik, A., & Jones, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1212121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Research has also shown that language impairment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur (Cohen et al., 1998; Tirosh and Cohen, 1998; Sciberras et al., 2014; Helland et al., 2014a, 2016), and that there is increased prevalence of both language problems and ADHD in the prison population (Hell…”
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“Moreover, several neuropsychiatric conditions often co-occurring during life-course [7,8] including Language Disorders (LD) in 40–50% of cases [9–12], and Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) in 25–40% [8,13].”
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“One commonality is the co-occurrence of anxiety and depression (Sciberras et al., 2014; van Steensel et al., 2011 ).”
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“Previous work has also linked language deficits and EBPs, specifically ADHD, to academic functioning such that children with ADHD who also present with language problems have poorer academic competence (Sciberras et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Self-citationDiagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Developmental Disorders of Speech and Language
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Conners 3rd Edition (Conners 3; Conners 2008)
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Case Study of AR Digital Literacy Intervention for Students Diagnosed with ADHD
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A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA FONOAUDIOLOGIA NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CRIANÇAS COM TDAH EM IDADE ESCOLAR
Assis, J. D. S., Silva, J. H. D. S. D., & Amorim, B. J. L. (2023) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v16n11-137 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
‘‘Language profile among Arabic-speaking children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder”
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Watson, S. M. R., & Westby, C. E. (2025) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2024_persp-24-00034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sciberras, E., Mueller, K. L., Efron, D., Bisset, M., Anderson, V., Schilpzand, E. J., Jongeling, B., & Nicholson, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Parenting Research Centre (AU)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 793-800
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2167385102
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 7.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language difficulties, spoken language, academic functioning, social functioning, reading, math computation, children, prevalence, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Infant, Language Development Disorders, Personality Assessment, Social Adjustment, Comorbidity, Young Adult
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