Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable and the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. In recent decades, it has been appreciated that in a substantial number of cases the disorder does not remit in puberty, but persists into adulthood. Both in childhood and adulthood, ADHD is characterised by substantial comorbidity including substance use, depression, anxiety, and accidents. However, course and symptoms of the disorder and the comorbidities may fluctuate and change over time, and even age of onset in childhood has recently been questioned. Available evidence to date is poor and largely inconsistent with regard to the predictors of persistence versus remittance. Likewise, the development of comorbid disorders cannot be foreseen early on, hampering preventive measures. These facts call for a lifespan perspective on ADHD from childhood to old age. In this selective review, we summarise current knowledge of the long-term course of ADHD, with an emphasis on clinical symptom and cognitive trajectories, treatment effects over the lifespan, and the development of comorbidities. Also, we summarise current knowledge and important unresolved issues on biological factors underlying different ADHD trajectories. We conclude that a severe lack of knowledge on lifespan aspects in ADHD still exists for nearly every aspect reviewed. We encourage large-scale research efforts to overcome those knowledge gaps through appropriately granular longitudinal studies.
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It is unclear whether the prevalence of adult ADHD changes with age.
“it is unclear whether the prevalence of adult ADHD changes with age.”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Compared to childhood ADHD, adult ADHD has received far less research attention.
“compared to childhood ADHD, adult ADHD has received far less research attention”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Adult ADHD definitions strongly vary between studies.
“adult ADHD definitions strongly varying between studies”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Few large population-based data sets spanning the full adult lifespan are available.
“few large population-based data sets spanning the full adult lifespan available [4-7]”
From The decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
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“%) is also reported n adulthood ( Buchmann et al., 2009; Jacob et al., 2007; annuzza et al., 1993; Milberger et al., 1997 ).”
Self-citationLjung, T., Chen, Q., Lichtenstein, P., & Larsson, H. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.363 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationCan attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder onset occur in adulthood?
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0400 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationCortese, S., Imperati, D., Zhou, J., Proal, E., Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Milham, M. P., Kelly, C., & Castellanos, F. X. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.025 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Shaw, P., De Rossi, P., Watson, B., Wharton, A., Greenstein, D., Raznahan, A., Sharp, W., Lerch, J. P., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis
Adeyemo, B. O., Biederman, J., Zafonte, R., Kagan, E., Spencer, T. J., Uchida, M., Kenworthy, T., Spencer, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714543371 · Cited by 126 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Meta-analysis of longitudinal follow-up studies of children with ADHD suggests that at least 15% continue to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD by the age of 25 years, and a further 50% meet criteria for ADHD in partial remission, with persistence of subthreshold symptoms still causing impairment ( Faraone et al.,…”
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Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Outcomes in Adolescent ADHD
Antshel, K., Faraone, S., & Gordon, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712443155 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of a General Psychopathology Factor in Children
Neumann, A., Pappa, I., Lahey, B. B., Verhulst, F. C., Medina-Gomez, C., Jaddoe, V. W., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Moffitt, T. E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.498 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Twisk, J., van Ewijk, H., Groenman, A., Thissen, A. J. A. M., Faraone, S., Heslenfeld, D., Hartman, C., Hoekstra, P., et al. (2016) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0820-y · Cited by 120 · cited 2× · see citing works
“( Cheung et al., 2015a; van Lieshout et al., 2016b ), perhaps reflecting the severity of cases included in these studies, and/or the use of informant- rather than self-ratings.”
Self-citationADHD symptoms in children with mild intellectual disability.
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Wood, N., Gringras, P., & Chadwick, O. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180323330 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
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DNA methylation profiles at birth and child ADHD symptoms.
van Mil, N. V., Steegers-Theunissen, R., Bouwland-Both, M., Verbiest, M., Rijlaarsdam, J., Hofman, A., Steegers, E., Heijmans, B., Jaddoe, V., Verhulst, F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.017 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
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Self-citationBiederman, J., Petty, C., Ball, S. W., Fried, R., Doyle, A., Cohen, D. R., Henderson, C. S., & Faraone, S. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.010 · Cited by 113 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…later outcome, which found no evidence for association of aggregated measures of executive function, sustained attention, inhibition, working memory, and RTV in childhood and ADHD persistence/remission in adolescence and adulthood ( Biederman et al., 2009; Cheung et al., 2015b; Mick et al., 2011 ).”
Self-citationHartman, C. A., Geurts, H. M., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Rommelse, N. N. J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationMethylomic analysis of salivary DNA in childhood ADHD identifies altered DNA methylation in VIPR2
Wilmot, B., Fry, R., Smeester, L., Musser, E., Mill, J., & Nigg, J. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12457 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…is evidence that epigenetic esearch in humans is feasible, and first studies, focusing n both potential risk genes ( Heinrich et al., 2017; van Mil t al., 2014 ) and the entire epigenome ( Walton et al., 2017; ilmot et al., 2016 ), confirm links between epigenetic modfication of genes and ADHD.”
McAuley, T., Crosbie, J., Charach, A., & Schachar, R. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12160 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…on higher-level cognitive functions using Q tests, executive functioning and attentional tasks, show hat impairments tend to persist from childhood to adolesence and early adulthood in ADHD persisters ( Biederman t al., 2009; Cheung et al., 2016; Hinshaw et al., 2007; cAuley et al., 2014 ).”
Methylphenidate and the risk of trauma
Man, K. K. C., Chan, E. W., Coghill, D., Douglas, I., Ip, P., Leung, L.-P., Tsui, M. S. H., Wong, W. H. S., & Wong, I. C. K. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1738 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Psychiatric illness and subsequent traumatic brain injury: a case control study
Fann, J., Leonetti, A., Jaffe, K., Katon, W., Cummings, P., & Thompson, R. S. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.5.615 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
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Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for adult ADHD
Knouse, L. E., Teller, J., & Brooks, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000216 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Association Between ADHD and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
Storebø, O. J., & Simonsen, E. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713512150 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lack of gender effects on subtype outcomes in adults with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Grevet, E., Bau, C. H. D., Salgado, C. A., Fischer, A. G., Kalil, K., Victor, M., Garcia, C. R., Sousa, N., Rohde, L., & Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0639-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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Self-citationGenome‐wide association study in German patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Self-citationBrain differences between persistent and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Posner, J., Polanczyk, G. V., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)33004-1 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Demontis, D., Walters, G., Athanasiadis, G., Walters, R., Therrien, K., Nielsen, T., Farajzadeh, L., Voloudakis, G., Bendl, J., Zeng, B., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01285-8 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
“Educational attainment is among the phenotypes with the strongest negative genetic correlations with ADHD, as demonstrated above, and cognitive impairments in ADHD have been well described 37 .”
Self-citationADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents
Drechsler, R., Brem, S., Brandeis, D., Grünblatt, E., Berger, G. E., & Walitza, S. (2020) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1701658 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Genetic Testing in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Savatt, J., & Myers, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.526779 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Michelini, G., Barch, D. M., Tian, Y., Watson, D., Klein, D. N., & Kotov, R. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0593-4 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationSonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Becker, S. P., Bölte, S., Castellanos, F. X., Franke, B., Newcorn, J. H., Nigg, J. T., Rohde, L. A., & Simonoff, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13696 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review
Soler-Gutiérrez, A.-M., Pérez-González, J.-C., & Mayas, J. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280131 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“ADHD is described as a disorder with very heterogeneous manifestations [3], of multifactorial etiology [4] and with different manifestations throughout lifespan [5].”
BackgroundComorbidity of ADHD and adult bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Schiweck, C., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Aichholzer, M., Thanarajah, S. E., Vargas-Cáceres, S., Matura, S., Grimm, O., Haavik, J., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.017 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationCherkasova, M. V., Roy, A., Molina, B. S. G., Scott, G., Weiss, G., Barkley, R. A., Biederman, J., Uchida, M., Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.019 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Cabral, M. D. I., Liu, S., & Soares, N. (2020) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp.2019.09.08 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Youths with ADHD are vulnerable to risk-taking behaviors, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, compared to their typically developing peers, with significantly higher predilection in developing substance use disorders (13).”
BackgroundHoogman, M., Stolte, M., Baas, M., & Kroesbergen, E. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.029 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Gudmundsson, O. O., Walters, G. B., Ingason, A., Johansson, S., Zayats, T., Athanasiu, L., Sonderby, I. E., Gustafsson, O., Nawaz, M. S., Jonsson, G. F., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0599-y · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationIppolito, G., Bertaccini, R., Tarasi, L., di Gregorio, F., Trajković, J., Battaglia, S., & Romei, V. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123189 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“While the onset of such symptoms occurs before the age of 12, they tend to persist in adulthood, often in comorbidity with anxiety disorders, depression, or substance abuse [234,235].”
BackgroundShared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Rovira, P., Demontis, D., Sánchez-Mora, C., Zayats, T., Klein, M., Mota, N. R., Weber, H., Garcia-Martínez, I., Pagerols, M., Vilar-Ribó, L., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0664-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationRetz, W., Ginsberg, Y., Turner, D., Barra, S., Retz‐Junginger, P., Larsson, H., & Asherson, P. J. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol use disorders and ADHD.
Luderer, M., Ramos Quiroga, J. A., Faraone, S. V., Zhang-James, Y., & Reif, A. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationHoogman, M., van Rooij, D., Klein, M., Boedhoe, P., Ilioska, I., Li, T., Patel, Y., Postema, M., Zhang-James, Y., Anagnostou, E., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25029 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Within the ADHD literature, most studies showed structural case–control differences across a wide variety of brain regions, in children but also in adults with ADHD (Faraone et al., 2015; Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSzopinska-Tokov, J., Dam, S. A., Naaijen, J., Konstanti, P., Rommelse, N., Belzer, C., Buitelaar, J., Franke, B., Bloemendaal, M., Aarts, E., et al. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8030406 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“ADHD has a significant social impact on patients’ lives, causing disruption at school [3], work [4], and in personal relationships [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMacDonald, H. J., Kleppe, R., Szigetvari, P. D., & Haavik, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1492126 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics of ADHD: What Should the Clinician Know?
Grimm, O., Kranz, T. M., & Reif, A. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-1141-x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“” The genome-wide loci affected by ADHD often have a general function in areas such as “neurite outgrowth,” “synaptic plasticity,” or “glutamatergic signal transmission” [26•, 62, 63]. Research over the next few years must show whether the common denominator of these variants is brain expression and regulation of neur…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationReview of Rodent Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Regan, S. L., Williams, M. T., & Vorhees, C. (2021) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Michelini, G., Carlisi, C. O., Eaton, N. R., Elison, J. T., Haltigan, J. D., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Latzman, R. D., Li, J. J., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21225 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Executive functioning deficits cut across ASD, ADHD, motor dis orders, and learning disabilities 7,31,188,189 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationFunctional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment
Kosheleff, A. R., Mason, O., Jain, R., Koch, J., & Rubin, J. S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158572 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…by core symptoms of age-inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), the clinical presentation of which typically changes over the lifespan (Biederman et al., 2000; Franke et al., 2018; Turgay et al., 2012; G. Weiss & Hechtman, 1993).”
BackgroundWergeland, G. J., Riise, E. N., & Öst, L. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101918 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders
Merikangas, A. K., & Almasy, L. (2020) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12660 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dona, S. W. A., Badloe, N., Sciberras, E., Gold, L., Coghill, D., & Le, H. N. D. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231155438 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Additionally, ADHD is associated with lower educational or occupational achievement, reduced social functioning (Costa Dias et al., 2013; Franke et al., 2018), and increased risk of mortality driven by unnatural causes such as accidents (Dalsgaard et al.”
BackgroundPalladino, V. S., McNeill, R. V., Reif, A., & Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2019) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000220 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“, 2015) or whether there was a pre-existing subdiagnosis threshold ADHD in childhood (Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and lifetime cannabis use: genetic overlap and causality
Artigas, M., Sánchez-Mora, C., Rovira, P., Richarte, V., Garcia-Martínez, I., Pagerols, M., Demontis, D., Stringer, S., Vink, J., Børglum, A., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0339-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The pattern of psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD is highly heterogeneous and changes substantially across the lifespan [5, 6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGut microbiota signature in treatment-naïve attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Richarte, V., Sánchez-Mora, C., Corrales, M., Fadeuilhe, C., Vilar-Ribó, L., Arribas, L., Garcia, E., Rosales-Ortiz, S. K., Arias-Vasquez, A., Soler-Artigas, M., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01504-6 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationRiise, E. N., Wergeland, G. J., Njarðvík, U., & Öst, L. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101954 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review
Jaeschke, R. R., Sujkowska, E., & Sowa-Kućma, M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05946-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Global Economic Burden of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review
Chhibber, A., Watanabe, A. H., Chaisai, C., Veettil, S., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2021) · PharmacoEconomics (Auckland) · doi:10.1007/s40273-020-00998-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mattheisen, M., Grove, J., Als, T., Martin, J., Voloudakis, G., Meier, S., Demontis, D., Bendl, J., Walters, R., Carey, C., et al. (2022) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-022-01171-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…result implicating the red nucleus in midbrain is also consistent with our knowledge of phenotypic sharing between ASD and ADHD, as it relates to skilled movements and motor control in the limbs and jaw: both motor coordination and speech problems are frequent in both ASD and ADHD 48,49 .”
ResultSelf-citationCao, M., Martin, E. L., & Li, X.-B. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02536-w · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“There is also diverging evidence regarding the developmental trajectories and comorbidities of individuals with ADHD [14, 15].”
BackgroundHartman, C. A., Rommelse, N. N. J., van der Klugt, C. L., Wanders, R. B. K., & Timmerman, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111824 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“While the significance of ADHD beyond childhood has become clearer [1,2], insight into the factors that explain individual differences over the course of ADHD is rather limited.”
BackgroundSolberg, B. S., Zayats, T., Posserud, M.-B., Halmøy, A., Engeland, A., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.021 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are highly heritable neurodevelopmental conditions and major contributors to human suffering worldwide (1,2).”
Self-citationDekkers, T. J., de Water, E., & Scheres, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance
Stibbe, T., Huang, J., Paucke, M., Ulke, C., & Strauß, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240810 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Especially when undiagnosed, ADHD can cause several disruptive and antisocial behaviors over the lifespan of patients, ranging from substance abuse and work absenteeism to criminality, further contributing to the socioeconomic burden of the disease [4].”
BackgroundAndersson, A., Tuvblad, C., Chen, Q., Du Rietz, E., Cortese, S., Kuja‐Halkola, R., & Larsson, H. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13233 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Putten, W. J., Mol, A. J. J., Groenman, A. P., Radhoe, T. A., Torenvliet, C., van Rentergem, J. A. A., & Geurts, H. M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3099 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Because adults with ADHD experience many co-occurring psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, mood disorders, and substance abuse (Franke et al., 2018), camouflaging may also be an underlying explanatory mechanism in these mental health difficulties.”
BackgroundCecil, C. A. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2022) · Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40291-022-00609-y · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Kittel‐Schneider, S., Arteaga-Henríquez, G., Vásquez, A. A., Asherson, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Brikell, I., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Freitag, C. M., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.035 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationMichelini, G., Jurgiel, J., Bakolis, I., Cheung, C. H. M., Asherson, P., Loo, S., Kuntsi, J., & Mohammad-Rezazadeh, I. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0469-7 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationDemontis, D., Walters, R. K., Rajagopal, V. M., Waldman, I. D., Grove, J., Als, T. D., Dalsgaard, S., Ribasés, M., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Bækvad-Hansen, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20443-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationDonzelli, G., Llopis-González, A., Llopis-Morales, A., Cioni, L., & Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010067 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“remit in puberty but persists into adolescence and adulthood [2].”
BackgroundTreatment biomarkers for ADHD: Taking stock and moving forward
Michelini, G., Norman, L. J., Shaw, P., & Loo, S. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02207-2 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“, Research Domain Criteria [RDoC]) [4, 5], developmental trajectories [6, 7], and treatment response [8, 9].”
BackgroundSelf-citationZhang‐James, Y., Helminen, E. C., Liu, J., The ENIGMA-ADHD Working Group, Busatto, G. F., Calvo, A., Cercignani, M., Chaim‐Avancini, T. M., Gabel, M. C., Harrison, N. A., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01201-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationNasser, A. F., Hull, J. T., Chaturvedi, S. A., Liranso, T., Odebo, O., Kosheleff, A. R., Fry, N., Cutler, A. J., Rubin, J. S., Schwabe, S., et al. (2022) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-022-00938-w · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Pereira-Sánchez, V., Franco, A. R., Vieira, D. L., de Castro‐Manglano, P., Soutullo, C. A., Milham, M. P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.10.013 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Gilbert, M., Boecker, M., Reiss, F., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Schlack, R., Westenhöfer, J., Döpfner, M., & Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2023) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01622-w · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This could suggest that gender differences in ADHD symptoms lessen with age [21].”
Leppert, B., Riglin, L., Wootton, R. E., Dardani, C., Thapar, A. K., Staley, J. R., Tilling, K. M., Smith, G. D., Thapar, A., & Stergiakouli, E. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa273 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“As reported previously, in observational studies (6, 20, 43), ADHD has been associated with unhealthy lifestyle and risk behaviors.”
Veniaminova, E., Oplatchikova, M., Bettendorff, L., Kotenkova, E., Lysko, A., Vasilevskaya, E., Kalueff, A., Fedulova, L., Umriukhin, A., Lesch, K., et al. (2019) · Life Science · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117163 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a childhood-onset and a childhood prevalence of ~3–5% [1, 2], with the rate of persistence into adulthood estimated at 15–65% [3].”
BackgroundKanarik, M., Grimm, O., Mota, N. R., Reif, A., & Harro, J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial cognition in autism and ADHD
Bölte, S. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106022 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Difficulties and behavioural presentation in autism and ADHD can shift with age (Franke et al., 2018; Eigsti, 2024), and intellectual disability and borderline intellectual functioning is known to co-occur more commonly with not only autism but also ADHD (Kadesj ¨ o and Gillberg, 2001; Zeidan et…”
Grasso, M., Lazzaro, G., Demaria, F., Menghini, D., & Vicari, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137731 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Several studies have demonstrated a high likelihood of finding the psychopathological conditions associated with ADHD, including emotional problems such as anxiety and major depression [56,57].”
BackgroundResultOhki, C. M. Y., Grossmann, L., Alber, E., Dwivedi, T., Berger, G. E., Werling, A. M., Walitza, S., & Grünblatt, E. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00999-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hegvik, T., Waløen, K., Pandey, S. K., Faraone, S. V., Haavik, J., & Zayats, T. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0540-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, L., Lagerberg, T., Chang, Z., Cortese, S., Rosenqvist, M. A., Almqvist, C., D'Onofrio, B., Hegvik, T., Hartman, C., Chen, Q., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa040 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and persistent neurodevelopmental disorder that is associated with adverse psychosocial, educational, occupational and health-related outcomes throughout life.(1,2) ADHD affects approximately 6.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTypes of Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Replication Analysis.
Reimherr, F., Roesler, M., Marchant, B. K., Gift, T., Retz, W., Philipp-Wiegmann, F., & Reimherr, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.19m13077 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Du Rietz, E., Jangmo, A., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Chang, Z., D'Onofrio, B. M., Ahnemark, E., Werner‐Kiechle, T., & Larsson, H. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13206 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Despite a growing interest into the persistence and remittance of ADHD in adulthood (Franke et al., 2018), there is a lack of knowledge of the patterns of healthcare utilization and economic burden in ADHD persisters and remitters.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSexuality in Adults With ADHD: Results of an Online Survey
Hertz, P. G., Turner, D., Barra, S., Biedermann, L., Retz-Junginger, P., Schöttle, D., & Retz, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868278 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Carucci, S., Narducci, C., Bazzoni, M., Balia, C., Donno, F., Gagliano, A., & Zuddas, A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25038 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leo, K., Kewitz, S., Wartberg, L., & Lindenberg, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.787162 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Vos, M. D., Rommelse, N., Franke, B., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D., Hoekstra, P., Klein, M., Faraone, S., Buitelaar, J., & Hartman, C. (2021) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01764-z · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, L., Sujan, A. C., Butwicka, A., Chang, Z., Cortese, S., Quinn, P. D., Viktorin, A., Öberg, A. S., D'Onofrio, B. M., & Larsson, H. (2020) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-020-00728-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMota, N. R., Poelmans, G., Klein, M., Torrico, B., Fernàndez‐Castillo, N., Cormand, B., Reif, A., Franke, B., & Vásquez, A. A. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0592-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“These comorbidities include both psychiatric and non-psychiatric (somatic) diseases and traits [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBasta, M., Micheli, K., Koutra, K., Fountoulaki, M., Dafermos, V., Drakaki, M., Faloutsos, K., Soumaki, E., Anagnostopoulos, D., Papadakis, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100334 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Novel pharmacological targets for GABAergic dysfunction in ADHD
Ferranti, A. S., Luessen, D. J., & Niswender, C. M. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109897 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…for children aged 5 years and younger and approximately 30% of ADHD patients do not respond to stimulant treatments; progress towards developing pharmacological treatments beyond targeting dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems has also been stagnant (Faraone et al., 2015; Franke et al., 2018).”
How do adolescents with ADHD perceive and experience stress? An interview study
Öster, C., Ramklint, M., Meyer, J., & Isaksson, J. (2020) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1677771 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Accordingly, fatigue syndrome [18], depression, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and sleep disorders are regarded as a common clinical feature of ADHD [19].”
BackgroundResultThe association between ADHD and physical health: a co-twin control study
Pan, P.-Y., & Bölte, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78627-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Comparelli, A., Polidori, L., Sarli, G., Pistollato, A., & Pompili, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949375 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Many children are diagnosed with comorbid ADHD and PBD; comorbidity rates are estimated to be around 20% (1, 4), and children with ADHD are more likely to be diagnosed with BD later in life (4).”
BackgroundCognitive mechanisms underlying depressive disorders in ADHD: A systematic review
Mayer, J. S., Bernhard, A., Fann, N., Boxhoorn, S., Hartman, C. A., Reif, A., & Freitag, C. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.018 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationPrisco, M. D., Oliva, V., Fico, G., Raduà, J., Grande, I., Roberto, N., Anmella, G., Hidalgo‐Mazzei, D., Fornaro, M., de Bartolomeis, A., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172300243x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Despite no available evidence allowing us to explore this comparison in adult life, varying clinical course and high rates of psychiatric comorbidities (Franke et al., 2018) could worsen the intensity and presentation of ED in ADHD patients.”
BackgroundBisset, M., Brown, L. E., Bhide, S., Patel, P., Zendarski, N. J., Coghill, D., Payne, L., Bellgrove, M. A., Middeldorp, C. M., & Sciberras, E. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13752 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…impact on an individual’s social and emotional wellbeing, inter-personal relationships, academic and career outcomes, physical and mental health, quality of life and life expectancy (Costello & Maughan, 2015; Franke et al., 2018; Lawrence et al., 2015; Sciberras et al., 2020; Shaw et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPrice, A., Newlove‐Delgado, T., Eke, H., Paul, M., Young, S., Ford, T. J., & Janssens, A. I. W. A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2284-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevalence of ADHD among Black Youth Compared to White, Latino and Asian Youth: A Meta-Analysis
Cénat, J., Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Blais-Rochette, C., Morse, C., Vandette, M.-P., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W., Noorishad, P., Labelle, P., & Kogan, C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2022.2051524 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Age and gender would have been particularly important to include as moderators given the evidence that prevalence rates, symptom presentations, severity and impairment vary across the lifespan and by gender (see review by Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMachine Learning and MRI-based Diagnostic Models for ADHD: Are We There Yet?
Zhang-James, Y., Razavi, A., Hoogman, M., Franke, B., & Faraone, S. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1177/10870547221146256 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…diagnosed with the disorder will continue to have impaired functioning leading to increased risks for other health and social problems (Dalsgaard, Ostergaard, Leckman, Mortensen, & Pedersen, 2015; Franke et al., 2018; Lambert & Hartsough, 1998; Lichtenstein et al., 2012; Reiersen & Todorov, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrimmsmann, T., & Himmel, W. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-020-02948-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Perugi, G., Pallucchini, A., Rizzato, S., de Rossi, P., Sani, G., Maremmani, A. G. I., Pinzone, V., & Maremmani, I. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1551878 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“authors suggested that cases of apparent adult-onset ADHD may have had undiagnosed ADHD or subthreshold ADHD in youth [4].”
BackgroundThe decreasing prevalence of ADHD across the adult lifespan confirmed
Vos, M., & Hartman, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.12.03024 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Age-related clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with ADHD
de Rossi, P., D'Aiello, B., Pretelli, I., Menghini, D., Vara, S. D., & Vicari, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1069934 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In this context, ADHD-specific symptoms during the transition to adolescence and young adulthood might be “masked” or changed but not really reduced, as confirmed by longitudinal data (23).”
BackgroundResultInsights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from recent genetic studies
Brikell, I., Burton, C. L., Mota, N. R., & Martin, J. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000982 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…childhood-onset psychiatric comorbidities are other NDDs, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and learning disorders, as well as externalizing conditions including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) (Franke et al., 2018; Giacobini et al., 2018; Taurines et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialHess, J., Radonjić, N., Patak, J., Glatt, S., & Faraone, S. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-00974-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion Dysregulation in ADHD and Other Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Co-Twin Control Study
Astenvald, R., Frick, M. A., Neufeld, J., Bölte, S., & Isaksson, J. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00528-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“ADHD is defined by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity [2], which often persist into adulthood and are associated with work-related, academic and social challenges, as well as increased risk for other psychiatric problems [3].”
BackgroundHalmøy, A., Ring, A. E., Gjestad, R., Møller, M., Ubostad, B., Lien, T., Munkhaugen, E. K., & Fredriksen, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04356-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Background Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common, life-spanning, neurodevelopmental disorder [1] with prevalence estimates around 3% in adults [2].”
BackgroundArtigas, M. S., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Rovira, P., Vilar‐Ribó, L., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., & Marta Ribasés, A. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac128 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“with higher risks for poor educational achievement, unemployment or criminality, among others.(7) Most studies undertaken to date have reported association between ADHD and comorbid traits, but inferring”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGenetics in the ADHD Clinic: How Can Genetic Testing Support the Current Clinical Practice?
Balogh, L., Pulay, A. J., & Réthelyi, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.751041 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationKantak, K. (2022) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173378 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Review of Working Memory Training in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Alsaad, M. S., Al-Jabri, B., & Almarzouki, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.686873 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
van Oort, J., Kohn, N., Vrijsen, J., Collard, R., Duyser, F., Brolsma, S., Fernández, G., Schene, A., Tendolkar, I., & van Eijndhoven, P. V. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102176 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dalla-Vecchia, E., Mortimer, N., Palladino, V. S., Kittel-Schneider, S., Lesch, K., Reif, A., Schenck, A., & Norton, W. (2018) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000211 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“4, although this may be an underestimation owing to the self-rating system commonly used in these studies (Franke et al., 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationADHD and Academic Performance in College Students: A Systematic Review
Pagespetit, È., Pagerols, M., Barrés, N., Prat, R., Martínez, L., Andreu, M., Prat, G., Casas, M., & Bosch, R. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547241306554 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“However, two-thirds of individuals with ADHD in childhood continue to meet diagnostic criteria in adolescence and early adulthood (Franke et al., 2018), and some longitudinal studies, like van Lieshout et al. (2016), estimate that more than 80% continue to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD,…”
Somatic burden of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifecourse
Libutzki, B., Neukirch, B., Reif, A., & Hartman, C. A. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13694 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in older adults
Dobrosavljevic, M., Larsson, H., & Cortese, S. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2250913 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“On the other hand, the focus on safety should be paramount, given the possible adverse effects of the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, and the increased risk of psychiatric and physical multimorbidity in older adults [10–13].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationKenter, R. M. F., Gjestad, R., Lundervold, A. J., & Nordgreen, T. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100614 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“When diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood, psychological treatments are commonly not available, even though the disorder is associated with a wide range of challenges affecting daily life functioning (Franke et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSchena, A., Garotti, R., D’Alise, D., Giugliano, S., Polizzi, M., Trabucco, V., Riccio, M., & Bravaccio, C. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043414 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, substance abuse disorder) [8].”
BackgroundAdolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Adverse Behaviors and Comorbidity
Sultan, R. S., Liu, S.-M., Hacker, K. A., & Olfson, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.036 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
In utero exposure to ADHD medication and long-term offspring outcomes
Madsen, K. B., Robakis, T. K., Liu, X., Momen, N. C., Larsson, H., Dreier, J. W., Kildegaard, H., Groth, J. B., Newcorn, J. H., Thomsen, P. H., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-01992-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting individuals across the lifespan [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDo we over‐diagnose ADHD in North America? A critical review and clinical recommendations
Gascon, A., Gamache, D., St‐Laurent, D., & Stipanicic, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23348 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Franke, B., Michelini, G., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Bilbow, A., Buitelaar, J. K., Cormand, B., Faraone, S. V., Ginsberg, Y., Haavik, J., Kuntsi, J., Larsson, H., Lesch, K.-P., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Réthelyi, J. M., Ribases, M., & Reif, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- King's College London (GB)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Sechenov University (RU)
- Semmelweis University (HU)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Franke, Barbara
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1059-1088
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6379245
- OpenAlex
- W2891070637
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 285
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 7.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
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- Publication Server of Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (Goethe University Frankfurt) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Semmelweis University Repository (Semmelweis University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (n° 602805 (AGGRESSOTYPE), 603016 (MATRICS), 278948 (TACTICS), 602450 (IMAGEMEND))
- European Community's Horizon 2020 Programme (n° 643051 (MiND) and 667302 (CoCA))
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), i.e. the Vici Innovation Program (016-130-669)
- Hungarian Brain Research Program (NAP-B KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0011)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD persistence, remission, comorbidities, substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, accidents, age of onset, cognitive trajectories, treatment effects, lifespan development, neurodevelopmental disorders, biological factors
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Comorbidity
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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