Urban classification, not COVID-19 community rates, was associated with modes of learning in US K-12 schools?
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with the decision to provide in-person, hybrid, and remote learning in kindergarten through 12th grade school districts during the 2020-2021 school year. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study evaluating school district mode of learning and community coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) incidence and percentage positivity rates at 3 time points during the pandemic: (1) September 15, 2020 (the beginning of the school year, before Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance); (2) November 15, 2020 (midsemester after the release of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance and an increase of COVID-19 cases); and (3) January 15, 2021 (start of the second semester and peak COVID-19 rates). Five states were included in the analysis: Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, and Wisconsin. The primary outcome was mode of learning in elementary, middle, and high schools during 3 time points. The measures included community COVID-19 incidence and percentage positivity rates, school and student demographics, and county size classification of school location. RESULTS: No relationship between mode of learning and community COVID-19 rates was observed. County urban classification of school location was associated with mode of learning with school districts in nonmetropolitan and small metropolitan counties more likely to be in-person. CONCLUSIONS: Community COVID-19 rates did not appear to influence the decision of when to provide in-person learning. Further understanding of factors driving the decisions to bring children back into the classroom are needed. Standardizing policies on how schools apply national guidance to local decision-making may decrease disparities in emergent crises.
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Rates of in-person instruction were not correlated with disease incidence.
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From Virtual Learning in Kindergarten Through Grade 12 During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Chronic Absenteeism (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
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- Authors
- Goldman, J. L., Schuster, J. E., Maier, V. F., Anand, R., Hill, E. E., Butteris, S. M., DeMuri, G. P., Omidfar, S. A., Brookhart, M. A., Pak, J., Benjamin, D. K., & Zimmerman, K. O.
- Affiliations
- Children's Mercy Hospital (US)
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine & Public Health
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Departments of Population Health Sciences
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2022-02-01
- Volume
- 149
- Issue
- Supplement_2
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC9647778
- OpenAlex
- W3209206439
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (U24MD016258)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (OT2HD107559, OT2HD107543, OT2HD107556, HHSN275201000003C, OT2HD107558, OT2HD107544, HHSN275201000003I, OT2HD107555, OT2HD107553, OT2HD107557)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, in-person learning, hybrid learning, distance education, K-12 schools, school districts, nonmetropolitan counties, school district policy, CDC guidelines
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Retrospective Studies, United States, Urban Population, Education, Distance
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