Advertising and Young People’s Critical Reasoning Abilities: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Young people are exposed to an abundance of advertising for unhealthy products (eg, unhealthy foods, tobacco, alcohol). Because of their developing cognition, children may not be able to understand the intent of advertising. However, advertising restrictions often assume that adolescents have critical reasoning capacity and can resist the effects of advertising. This review seeks to assess whether the evidence supports this assumption. METHODS: Ten databases were searched in December 2020. Inclusion criteria were participants aged 6 to 17 years, any advertising exposure, objectively measured understanding or attitudinal outcome, a comparison, control, and between-group comparison. This study included all languages and excluded studies published pre-2010. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles were included. Meta-analysis of 9 studies with attitudinal outcomes indicated that unhealthy product advertising generated more positive brand or product attitudes compared with neutral or no advertising control in all ages. There were significant effects for digital and nondigital advertising formats. We found greater understanding did not protect against the impact of advertising on brand or product attitudes. Limitations include the inability to meta-analyze the impact of advertising on understanding or the influence of age. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that the attitudes of young people were influenced by advertising. Critical reasoning abilities did not appear to be fully developed during adolescence and not found to be protective against the impact of advertising. Policymakers should ensure regulations to restrict marketing of unhealthy commodities protects adolescents as well as younger children.
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The unique developmental stage of adolescence makes this age group particularly vulnerable to advertisers' messaging despite their advanced cognitive development relative to younger children.
“the unique developmental stage of adolescence -including increased susceptibility to risk taking, establishment of social identities, and desire for acceptance from peers -makes this age group particularly vulnerable to advertisers' messaging despite their advanced cognitive development relative to younger children.”
From Associations between social media, adolescent mental health, and diet: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
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Influences on Consumer Behaviour Regarding the Purchase Intention of Poultry Products
Hernandez-Rey, J. W., Casadiego-Alzate, R., Cortés, A. S., Enciso, E. M. V., & Correa, J. F. M. (2024) · Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental · doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n11-030 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Yao, E. Z., & List, A. (2025) · Journal of Media Literacy Education · doi:10.23860/jmle-2025-17-1-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guimarães, J. S., Pritchard, M., Gillis, G., Bagnato, M., Remedios, L., Sabir, S., Vanderlee, L., Ramsay, T., Elliott, C. D., & Kent, M. P. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108186 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Hussain, S. A., Nshom, E., & Jie, L. (2025) · Telematics and Informatics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.teler.2025.100264 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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ÇOCUKLARI HEDEFLEYEN MANİPÜLATİF REKLAMLARA YÖNELİK GÖSTERGEBİLİMSEL BİR ANALİZ: DANONE ÖRNEĞİ
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The New Positivism: A Hegelian Critique
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Ethics and Policy in the Restriction of Unhealthy Food Marketing to Children
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- Authors
- Packer, J., Croker, H., Goddings, A.-L., Boyland, E. J., Stansfield, C., Russell, S. J., & Viner, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Packer, Jessica
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2022-11-15
- Volume
- 150
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC9724173
- OpenAlex
- W4309093949
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2016-18-007)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Media Influence and Health
- Keywords
- advertising exposure, critical reasoning, adolescents, children, brand attitude, product attitude, advertising comprehension, online advertising, advertising restrictions, tobacco advertising, alcohol advertising
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Advertising, Attitude, Child, Food, Humans, Marketing, Tobacco Products
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