The Food Marketing Defense Model: Integrating Psychological Research to Protect Youth and Inform Public Policy
Open accessAbstract
Marketing practices that promote calorie‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods directly to children and adolescents present significant public health risk. Worldwide, calls for government action and industry change to protect young people from the negative effects of food marketing have increased. Current proposals focus on restricting television advertising to children under 12 years old, but current psychological models suggest that much more is required. All forms of marketing pose considerable risk; adolescents are also highly vulnerable; and food marketing may produce far‐reaching negative health outcomes. We propose a food marketing defense model that posits four necessary conditions to effectively counter harmful food marketing practices: awareness, understanding, ability, and motivation to resist. A new generation of psychological research is needed to examine each of these processes, including the psychological mechanisms through which food marketing affects young people, to identify public policy that will effectively protect them from harmful influence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recognition of marketing is essential for activating cognitive defenses against its harmful influence.
“While recognition of marketing is essential for activating cognitive defenses against its harmful influence, 13”
From Associations between social media, adolescent mental health, and diet: A systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1 · Cited by 3,984 · see citing works
The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209380 · Cited by 3,811 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The consumer behavior literature commonly presents another approach to defending against advertising influence: the “knowledge persuasion model” (KPM) (Friestad & Wright, 1994).”
BackgroundThe unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Winkielman, P., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Ric, F. (2005) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Levin, I. P., & Gaeth, G. J. (1988) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209174 · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Wilson, T. D., & Brekke, N. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.117 · Cited by 1,157 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Wilson and Brekke (1994), for example, propose several necessary conditions for individuals to defend against “mental contamination,” or the unwanted effects of external stimuli such as food advertising.”
BackgroundInfluentialPriming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.
Harris, J. L., Bargh, J. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014399 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Development of Implicit Attitudes: Evidence of Race Evaluations From Ages 6 and 10 and Adulthood
Baron, A. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01664.x · Cited by 791 · see citing works
DELIZA, R., & MacFIE, H. J. H. (1996) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.1996.tb00036.x · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Harris, J. L., Pomeranz, J. L., Lobstein, T., & Brownell, K. D. (2009) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationPreattentive Mere Exposure Effects
Janiszewski, C. (1993) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209356 · Cited by 455 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Research conducted with adults has confirmed the mere exposure effect on brand attitude and choice (Baker, 1999; Janiszewski, 1993).”
BackgroundFast‐Food Restaurant Advertising on Television and Its Influence on Childhood Obesity
Chou, S., Rashad, I., & Grossman, M. (2008) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/590132 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Behavioral Evidence of the Effects of Televised Food Messages on Children
Gorn, G. J., & Goldberg, M. E. (1982) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/208913 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., Chaloupka, F. J., & Braunschweig, C. L. (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3595 · Cited by 263 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In television advertising alone, children view examples of positive rewards from consuming foods of poor nutritional quality on average 5,500 times per year (Powell et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 171
- Aaker JL Brumbaugh AM Grier SA Nontarget markets and viewer distinctiveness: The impact of target marketing on advertising attitudes Journal of Consumer Psychology 2000 9 127 140
- Achenreiner GB John DR The meaning of brand names to children: A developmental investigation Journal of Consumer Psychology 2003 13 3 205 219
- Ajzen I Fishbein M Understanding attitudes and social behavior 1980 Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ
- Albarracin D Wang W Leeper J Immediate increase in food intake following exercise messages Obesity 2009 16 1 2 PMC4807735 19247284
- American Academy of Pediatrics, C. o. C. Children, adolescents, and advertising Pediatrics 2006 118 6 2563 2569 17142547
- Anderson CA Bushman BJ The effects of media violence on society Science 2002 295 2377 2379 11923513
- Arnett JJ Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1995 24 5 519 534
- Atkin C Block M An experiment revealed the effectiveness of celebrity endorsers Journal of Advertising Research 1983 23 1 57 61
- Atkins Foundation Sesame Workshop The Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation - 2007 Annual Report 2007 Accessed at www.atkinsfoundation.org/2007AR/sesameWorkshop.asp on 10/1/2008
- Austin EW Johnson KK Effects of general and media-specific media literacy training on children’s decision making about alcohol Journal of Health Communication 1997 2 17 42 10977232
- Austin EW Knaus C Predicting the potential for risky behavior among those “too young” to drink as the result of appealing advertising Journal of Health Communication 2000 5 13 27 10848029
- Baker WE When can affective conditioning and mere exposure directly influence brand choice? Journal of Advertising 1999 28 4 31 46
- Baranowski T Domel S Gould R Baranowski J Leonard S Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption among 4th and 5th grade students: Results from focus groups using reciprocal determinism Journal of Nutrition Education 1993 25 114 120
- Bargh JA Losing consciousness: Automatic influences on consumer judgment, behavior and motivation Journal of Consumer Research 2002 29 2 280 286
- Bargh JA Ferguson MJ Beyond behaviorism: The automaticity of higher mental processes Psychological Bulletin 2000 126 925 945 11107883
- Bargh JA Gollwitzer PM Lee-Chai AY Barndollar K Troetschel R The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001 81 1014 1027 11761304 PMC3005626
- Bargh JA Morsella E Agnew C Unconscious behavioral guidance systems Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research 2009 Oxford University Press New York in press
- Barr-Anderson DJ Larson NI Nelson MC Neumark-Sztainer D Story M Does television viewing predict dietary intake five years later in high school students and young adults? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009 6 7 19183442 PMC2643350
- Bartsch K London D Children’s use of mental state information in selecting persuasive arguments Developmental Psychology 2000 36 3 352 365 10830979
- Belk R Bahn KD Mayer RN Developmental recognition of consumption symbolism Journal of Consumer Research 1982 9 4 17
- Belk R Mayer R Driscoll A Children’s recognition of consumption symbolism in children’s products Journal of Consumer Research 1984 10 386 397
- Bessenoff GR Weight-norm internalization: The role of the self-concept in norm-related self-evaluation Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2001 62 4B 2111
- Birch LL Development of food preferences Annual Review of Nutrition 1999 19 41 62 10448516
- Borzekowski DLG Robinson TN The 30-second effect: An experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2001 101 42 46 11209583
- Boush DM Friestad M Rose GM Adolescent skepticism toward TV advertising and knowledge of advertising tactics Journal of Consumer Research 1994 21 165 175
- Brown JA Singer DG Singer JL Media literacy and critical television viewing in education Handbook of Children and the Media 2001 681 697 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA
- Brownell KD Horgen KB Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America’s Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies New York
- Brownell KD Warner KE The perils of ignoring history. Big tobacco played dirty and millions died. How similar is big food? The Millbank Quarterly 2009 87 259 294 PMC2879177 19298423
- Brucks M Armstrong GM Goldberg ME Children’s use of cognitive defenses against television advertising: A cognitive response approach Journal of Consumer Research 1988 14 471 482
- Calvert S Children as consumers: Advertising and marketing The Future of Children 2008 18 205 234 21338011
- Chanowitz B Langer EJ Premature cognitive commitment Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1981 41 6 1051 1063 6975812
- Chaplin LN John DR The development of self-brand connections in children and adolescents Journal of Consumer Research 2005 32 119 129
- Chartrand T The role of conscious awareness in consumer behavior Journal of Consumer Psychology 2005 15 3 203 210
- Chartrand TL Bargh JA The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1999 76 893 910 10402679
- Chartrand TL Huber J Shiv B Tanner R Nonconscious goals and consumer choice Journal of Consumer Research 2008 35 189 201
- Chernin A The relationship between children’s knowledge of persuasive intent and persuasion: The case of televised food marketing Doctoral dissertation 2007 University of Pennsylvania 2007
- Chernin A The effects of food marketing on children’s preference: Testing the moderating roles of age and gender Annals of the Academy of Political Social Science 2008 615 102 118
- Chester J Montgomery K Interactive food and beverage marketing: Targeting children and youth in the digital age 2007 Retrieved from digitalads.org on 9/10/07 19699433
- Chester J Montgomery K Interactive food & beverage marketing: Targeting children and youth in the digital age 2008 An update 19699433
- Children’s Advertising Review Unit About the Children’s Advertising Review Unite (CARU) 2008 Retrieved from www.caru.org/about/index.aspx on 4/28/09
- Connor SM Food-related advertising on preschool television: Building brand recognition in young viewers Pediatrics 2006 118 1478 1485 17015538
- Cowburn G Boxer A Magazines for children and young people and the links to Internet food marketing: a review of the extent and type of food advertising Public Health Nutrition 2007 10 10 1024 1031 17517153
- Davies PG Spencer SJ Steele CM Clearing the air: Safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women’s leadership aspirations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005 88 2 276 287 15841859
- De Houwer J Thomas S Baeyens F Associative learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning Psychological Bulletin 2001 127 853 869 11726074
- Deighton J The interaction of advertising and evidence Journal of Consumer Research 1984 11 763 770
- Derbaix C Bree J The impact of children’s affective reactions elicited by commercials on attitudes toward the advertisement and the brand International Journal of Research in Marketing 1997 14 207 229
- Dijksterhuis A Chartrand TL Aarts H Bargh JA Automatic behavior Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes 2007 Psychology Press Philadelphia
- Dijksterhuis A Smith PK van Baaren RW Wigboldus DHJ The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior Journal of Consumer Psychology 2005 15 3 193 202
- Dotson MJ Hyatt EM Major influence factors in children’s consumer socialization Journal of Consumer Marketing 2005 22 1 35 42
- Dubow JS Advertising recognition and recall by age - including teens Journal of Advertising Research Sept/Oct 1995 55 60
- Dunn ME Yniguez RM Experimental demonstration of the influence of alcohol advertising on the activation of alcohol expectancies in memory among fourth- and fifth-grade children Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999 7 473 483 10609982
- Edens KM McCormick CB How do adolescents process advertisements? The influence of ad characteristics, processing objective and gender Contemporary Educational Psychology 2000 25 450 463 11001786
- Elliott C Assessing “fun foods”: nutritional content and analysis of supermarket foods targeted at children Obesity Reviews 2008 9 368 377 17961131
- Ellis J Northridge ME Tobacco and the media American Journal of Public Health 2002 92 895 12036773 PMC1447478
- Epstein LH Roemmich JN Robinson JL Paluch RA Winiewicz DD Fuerch JH A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2008 162 239 245 PMC2291289 18316661
- Escalas JE Bettman JR You are what you eat: The influence of reference groups on consumers’ connections to brands Journal of Consumer Psychology 2003 13 3 339 348
- Fazio RH Olson MA Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use Annual Review of Psychology 2003 54 297 327 12172003
- Fazio RH Powell MC Williams CJ The role of attitude accessibility in the attitude-to-behavior process Journal of Consumer Research 1989 16 280 288
- Fazio RH Sanbonmatsu DM Powell MC Kardes FR On the automatic activation of attitudes Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986 50 2 229 238 3701576
- Fazio RH Williams CJ Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential election Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986 51 3 505 514 3761146
- Ferguson MJ Bargh JA Liking is for doing. The effects of goal pursuit on automatic evaluation Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2004 87 557 572 15535771
- Ferguson MJ Bargh JA Nayak DA After-affects: How automatic evaluations influence the interpretation of subsequent, unrelated stimuli Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2005 41 182 191
- Ferraro R Bettman JR Chartrand TL The power of strangers: The effect of incidental consumer brand encounters on brand choice Journal of Consumer Research 2008 35 729 741
- Fitzsimons GM Chartrand TL Fitzsimons GJ Automatic effects of brand exposure on motivated behavior: How Apple makes you “think different” Journal of Consumer Research 2008 35 21 35
- Fitzsimons GJ Hutchinson JW Williams P Alba JW Chartrand TL Huber J Kardes FR Menon G Raghubier P Russo JE Shiv B Tavassoli NT Non-conscious influences on consumer choice Marketing Letters 2002 13 3 269 279
- Folta SC Goldberg JP Economos C Bell R Melzer R Food advertising targeted at school-age children: A content analysis Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2006 38 244 248 16785094
- Forrester Research Forrester Research releases US online advertising and marketing forecast- Market to reach $26 billion by 2010 3 May 2005 Press release
- French SA Story M Hannan P Breitlow KK Jefferey RW Baxter JS Cognitive and demographic correlates of low-fat vending snack choices among adolescents and adults Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1999 99 471 475 10207402
- Glanz K Basil M Maibach E Goldberg J Snyder D Why Americans eat what they do: Taste, nutrition, cost, convenience and weight control concerns as influences on food consumption Journal of American Dietetic Association 1998 98 1118 1126 9787717
- Goldberg ME Gorn GJ Happy and sad TV programs. How they affect reactions to commercials Journal of Consumer Research 1987 14 387 403
- Goldberg ME Gorn GJ Gibson W TV messages for snack and breakfast foods: Do they influence children’s preferences? Journal of Consumer Research 1978 9 200 205
- Gordon W The darkroom of the mind: What does neuropsychology now tell us about brands Journal of Consumer Behaviour 2001 1 3 280 292
- Government Accountability Office [GAO] (US) School Meal Programs Competitive Foods are Widely Available and Generate Substantial Revenues for Schools 2005 GAO Washington, DC R. N. GAO-05-563 (Ed.)
- Grier SA Brumbaugh AB Noticing cultural differences: Ad meanings created by target and non-target markets Journal of Advertising 1999 28 79
- Grier SA Kumanyika SK The context for choice: Health implications of targeted food and beverage marketing to African Americans American Journal of Public Health 2008 98 1616 1629 18633097 PMC2509618
- Grier SA Mensinger J Huang SH Kumanyika SK Stettler N Fast-food marketing and children’s fast food consumption: Exploring parents’ influences on an ethnically diverse sample Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 2007 26 221 235
- Haley RI Baldinger AL The ARF copy research validity project Journal of Advertising Research 1991 31 2 11 31
- Halford JCG Boyland MJ Hughes G Oliveira LP Dovey TM Beyond-brand effect of television (TV) food advertisement/commercials on caloric intake and food choice of 5–7-year-old children Appetite 2007 49 263 267 17258351
- Halford JCG Gillespie J Brown V Pontin EE Dovey TM Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children Appetite 2004 42 221 225 15010186
- Harris JL Bargh JA Television viewing and unhealthy diet: Implications for children and media interventions Health Communication 2009 in press PMC2829711 20183373
- Harris JL Bargh JA Brownell K The direct effects of television food advertising on eating behavior Health Psychology 2009a 28 404 413 19594263 PMC2743554
- Harris JL Schwartz M Brownell KD Marketing foods to children and youth: Licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket Public Health Nutrition 2009c in press 19719889
- Harrison K Marske AL Nutritional content of foods advertised during the television programs children watch most American Journal of Public Health 2005 95 1568 1574 16118368 PMC1449399
- Hastie R Park B The relation between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line Psychological Review 1986 93 258 268
- Hastings G Stead M McDermott L Forsyth A Review of research on the effects of food promotion to children 2003 Center for Social Marketing, University of Strathclyde Glascow, UK
- Hawkes D Regulating food marketing to young people worldwide: Trends and policy drivers American Journal of Public Health 2007 97 1962 1973 17901436 PMC2040356
- Heath R Low involvement processing - a new model of brands and advertising International Journal of Advertising 2000 19 287 298
- Heymsfield SB Harp JB Reitman ML Beetsch JW Schoeller DA Erondu N Pietrobelli A Why do obese patients not loose more weight when treated with low-calorie diets? A mechanistic perspective American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 85 346 354 17284728
- Hitchings E Moynihan PJ The relationship between television food advertisements recalled and actual foods consumed by children Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1998 11 511 517
- Irmak C Block LG Fitzsimons G The placebo effect in marketing: Sometimes you just have to want it to work Journal of Marketing Research 2005 XLII 406 409
- Isler L Popper ET Ward SC Children’s purchase requests and parental responses: Results from a diary study Journal of Advertising Research 1987 27 28 39
- John DR Consumer socialization of children: A retrospective look at twenty-five years of research Journal of Consumer Research 1999 26 183 213
- Keller KL Conceptualizing, measuring and managing customer-based brand equity Journal of Marketing 1993 57 1 22
- Keller KL Brand synthesis. The multidimensionality of brand knowledge Journal of Consumer Research 2003 29 595 600
- Kelly KJ Slater MD Karan D Image advertisements’ influence on adolescents’ perceptions of the desirability of beer and cigarettes Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 2002 21 295 304
- Kelly B Smith B King L Flood V Bauman A Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure Public Health Nutrition 2008 10 1234 1240 17381920
- Kumanyika S Grier S Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and low-income populations The Future of Children 2006 16.1 187 207 16532664
- Lee L Frederick S Ariely D Try it, you’ll like it: The influence of expectation, consumption, and revelation on preferences for beer Psychological Science 2006 17 1054 1058 17201787
- Lewis LB Sloane DC Nascimento LC Diamont AL Guinyard JJ Yancey AK Flynn G African Americans’ access to healthy food options in South Los Angelese restaurants American Journal of Public Health 2005 95 668 673 15798128 PMC1449239
- Livingstone S Helsper EJ Does advertising literacy mediate the effects of advertising on children? A critical examination of two linked research literatures in relation to obesity and food choice Journal of Communication 2006 56 560 584
- Macklin MC Preschoolers’ learning of bran names from visual cues Journal of Consumer Research 1996 2 4 304 319
- Mallinckrodt V Mizerski D The effects of playing an advergame on young children’s perceptions, preferences and request Journal of Advertising 2007 36 87 100
- Martin SE Snyder LB Hamilton M Fleming-Melici F Slater MD Stacy A Chen M Grube JW Alcohol advertising and youth Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2002 26 6 900 906 12068260
- McClure SM Li J Tomlin D Cypert KS Montague LM Montagure PR Neural correlates of behavioral preference for culturally familiar drinks Neuron 2004 44 379 387 15473974
- McGuire WJ Some internal psychological factors influencing consumer choice Journal of Consumer Research 1976 2 4 302 319
- Moschis GP Moore RL A longitudinal study of television advertising effects Journal of Consumer Research 1982 9 279 286
- Monahan JL Murphy ST Zajonc RB Subliminal mere exposure: Specific, general and diffuse effects Psychological Science 2000 11 6 462 466 11202490
- Montgomery KC Singer DG Singer JL Digital kids: The new on-line children’s consumer culture Handbook of Children and the Media 2001 635 650 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA
- Moore ES Children and the changing world of advertising Journal of Business Ethics 2004 52 161 167
- Moore ES Lutz RL Children, advertising and product experiences: A multimethod inquiry Journal of Consumer Research 2000 27 31 48
- Moore ES Rideout VJ The online marketing of food to children: Is it just fun and games? Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 2007 26 2 202 220
- Morris JD Woo C Geason JA Kim J The power of affect: Predicting intention Journal of Advertising Research 2002 42 3 7 18
- Naik PA Raman K Understanding the impact of synergy in multimedia communications Journal of Marketing Research 2003 XL 375 388
- Nelson MR McLeod LE Adolescent brand consciousness and product placements: Awareness, liking and perceived effects on self and others International Journal of Consumer Studies 2005 29 6 515 528
- Neumark-Sztainer D Wall M Perry C Story M Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents: Findings from Project EAT Preventive Medicine 2003 37 198 208 12914825
- Ogden CL Carroll MD Curtin LR McDowell MA Tabak CJ Flegal KM Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004 JAMA 2006 295 1549 1555 16595758
- Olshansky SJ Passaro DJ Hershow RC Layden J Carnes BA Brody J Hayflick L Butler RN Allison DB Ludwig DS A potential decline in the life expectancy in the United States in the 21st Century The New England Journal of Medicine 2005 352 1138 1145 15784668
- Outley CW Taddese A A content analysis of health and physical activity messages marketed to African American children during after-school television programming Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2006 160 432 435 16585490
- Oyserman D Kruglanski AW Higgins ET Social identity and self-regulation Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles 2007 432 453 Guilford Press NY 2nd edition
- Oyserman D Fryberg SA Yoder N Identity-based motivation and health Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007 93 1011 1027 18072851
- Pecheux C Children and attitude toward the brand: A new measurement scale Journal of Advertising Research 1999 39 4 19 29
- Pechmann C Knight SJ An experimental investigation of the joint effects of advertising and peers on adolescents’ beliefs and intentions about cigarette consumption Journal of Consumer Research 2002 29 5 19
- Pechmann C Levine L Loughlin S Leslie F Impulsive and self-conscious: Adolescents’ vulnerability to advertising and promotion Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 2005 24 2 202 221
- Pempek TA Calvert SL Tipping the balance: Advergames to promote low-income African-American children’s consumption of nutritious foods and beverages Unpublished manuscript 2009 19581546
- Petrova PK Cialdini RB Hastings Bryant Angus Novel approaches toward resistance to persuasion Handbook of Social Marketing 2009 in press
- Petty RE Cacioppo JT Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change 1986 Springer-Verlag NY
- Petty RE Cacioppo JT Schumann D Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement Journal of Consumer Research 1983 10 2 135 146
- Petty RE Wegener DT Chaiken S Trope Y The elaboration likelihood model: Current status and controversies Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology 1999 The Guilford Press New York
- Pomeranz JL Teret SP Sugarman SD Rutkow L Brownell KD Innovative legal approaches to address obesity Millbank Quarterly 2009 87 185 214 PMC2879172 19298420
- Powell LM Szczpka G Chaloupka FJ Exposure to food advertising on television among US children Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2007 161 553 560 17548759
- Powell LM Szczpka G Chaloupka FJ Braunschweig CL Nutritional content of television food advertisements seen by children and adolescents Pediatrics 2007 120 576 583 17766531
- Primack BA Gold MA Land SR Fine MJ Association of cigarette smoking and media literacy about amoking among adolescents Journal of Adolescent Health 2006 39 465 472 16982379 PMC3008629
- Punj GN Hillyer CL A cognitive model of customer-based brand equity for frequently purchased products: Conceptual framework and empirical results Journal of Consumer Psychology 2004 14 124 131
- Raghunathan R Naylor RW Hoyer WD The unhealthy = tasty intuition and its effects on taste inferences, enjoyment, and choice of food products Journal of Marketing 2006 70 170 184
- Raney AA Arpan LM Pashupati K Brill DA At the movies, on the web: An investigation of the effects of entertaining and interactive web content on site and brand evaluations Journal of Interactive Marketing 2003 17 4 38 53
- Reece BB Rifon NJ Rodriguez K Machlin LC Carlson L Selling food to children. Is fun part of a balanced breakfast? Advertising to Children: Concepts and Controversies 1999 189 208 Sage Publications Thousand Oaks, CA
- Ritson M Elliott R The social uses of advertising: An ethnographic study of adolescent advertising audiences Journal of Consumer Research 1999 26 260 277
- Robertson TS Rossiter JR Short-run advertising effects on children: A field study Journal of Marketing Research 1976 13 68 70
- Robinson TN Borzekowsi DL Matheson DM Kraemer HC Effects of fast food branding on young children’s taste preferences Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 2007 161 792 797 17679662
- Robinson TN Sirard JR Preventing childhood obesity: A solution-oriented research paradigm American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005 28 194 201 15694528
- Roedder DL Sternthal B Calder BJ Attitude-behavior consistency in children’s responses to television advertising Journal of Marketing Research 1983 20 337 349
- Ross RP Campbell T Wright JD Huston AC Rice ML Turk P When celebrities talk, children listen: An experimental analysis of children’s responses to TV ads with celebrity endorsement Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1984 5 185 202
- Rubin AM Television usage, attitudes and viewing behaviors of children and adolescents Journal of Broadcasting 1977 21 355 369
- Russell CA Norman AT Heckler SE The consumption of television programming: Development and validation of the connectedness scale Journal of Consumer Research 2004 31 150 161
- Schor JB Ford M From tastes great to cool: Children’s food marketing and the rise of the symbolic Journal of Law and Medical Ethics 2007 10 21 17341214
- Sharma LL Teret SP Brownell KD The food industry and self-regulation: Standards to promote success and to avoid public health failures Manuscript under review 2009 PMC2804645 20019306
- Schwarz N Clore G Higgins E Kruglanski A Feelings and phenomenal experience Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles 1996 Guilford NY 1st edition
- Shifrin D Remarks at Federal Trade Commission Workshop 2005 Retrieved from www.saap.org/advocacy/washing/dr_%20Shifrin_remarks.htm on 11/14/05
- Shimp TA Stuart EW Engle RA A program of classical conditioning experiments testing variations in the conditioned stimulus and context Journal of Consumer Research 1991 18 1 12
- Shiv B Carmon Z Ariely D Placebo effects of marketing actions: Consumers may get what they pay for Journal of Marketing Research 2005 XLII 383 393
- Simonson I In defense of consciousness: The role of conscious and unconscious inputs in consumer choice Journal of Consumer Psychology 2005 15 3 211 217
- Skinner JD Carruth BR Bounds W Ziegler PJ Children’s food preferences: A longitudinal analysis Journal of American Dietetic Association 2002 102 1638 1647 12449287
- Smith ER Gilbert D Fiske S Lindzey G Mental representation and memory Handbook of Social Psychology 2002 1 McGraw-Hill New York 4th ed.
- Snyder M DeBono KG Appeals to image and claims about quality: Understanding the psychology of advertising Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1985 49 586 587
- Steele JR Brown JD Adolescent room culture: Studying media in the context of everyday life Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1995 24 5 551 577
- Story M French S Food advertising and marketing directed at children and adolescents in the U.S International Journal of Behavior, Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004 1 3 PMC416565 15171786
- Story M Kaphingst KM Robinson-O’Brien R Glanz K Creating healthy food and eating environments: Policy and environmental approaches Annual Review of Public Health 2008 29 253 272 18031223
- Swinburn B Sacks G Lobstein T Rigby N Baur LA Brownell KD Gill T Seidell J Kumanyika S The ‘Sydney Principles’ for reducing the commercial promotion of foods and beverages to children Public Health Nutrition 2008 11 881 886 18510788
- Te’eni-Harari T Lampert SI Lehman-Wilzig S Information processing of advertising among young people: The Elaboration Likelihood Model as applied to youth Journal of Advertising Research 2007 47 3 326 340
- Tirodkar MA Jain A Food messages on African American television shows American Journal of Public Health 2003 93 439 441 12604491 PMC1447760
- Valkenburg PM Media and youth consumerism Journal of Adolescent Health 2000 27S 52 56 10904207
- Valkenburg PM Buijzen M Identifying determinants of young children’s brand awareness: Television, parents, and peers Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2005 26 4 456 468
- Ward S Wackman DB Wartella E How Children Learn to Buy 1977 Sage Publications Beverly Hills, CA
- Wardle J Huon G An experimental investigation of the influence of health information on children’s taste preferences Health Education Research 2000 15 39 44 10788200
- Wilde P Self-regulation and the response to concerns about food and beverage marketing to children in the United States Nutrition Reviews 2009 67 155 166 19239630
- Wilson TD Bar-Anan Y The unseen mind Science 2008 321 1046 1047 18719269
- Wright PL The cognitive processes mediating acceptance of advertising Journal of Marketing Research 1973 10 53 62
- Yancey AK Cole BL Brown R Williams JD Hillier A Kline RS Ashe M Grier SA Backman D McCarthy WJ A cross-sectional prevalence study of ethnically targeted and general audience outdoor obesity-related advertising The Millbank Quarterly 2009 87 155 184 PMC2879171 19298419
- Yankelovich Leveraging “pester power” is no way to build a brand, according to Yankelovich youth study 27 June 2005 Press release. Retrieved from http://www.yankelovich.com/media/Youth%206.15.05%20Press%20Release%20Disney.pdf on 12/5/05
- Yi Y Cognitive and affective priming effects of the context for print advertisements Journal of Advertising 2001 19 2 40 48
- Zajonc RB Gilbert DT Fiske ST Lindzey G Emotions The handbook of social psychology 1998 591 632 McGraw-Hill Boston 4th ed.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nonconscious processes and health.
Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029203 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationGovernmental policies to reduce unhealthy food marketing to children
Taillie, L. S., Busey, E., Stoltze, F. M., & Dillman Carpentier, F. R. (2019) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz021 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Harris, J. L., Yokum, S., & Fleming-Milici, F. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00346-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociations between social media, adolescent mental health, and diet: A systematic review
Blanchard, L., Conway‐Moore, K., Aguiar, A., Önal, F., Rutter, H., Helleve, A., Nwosu, E., Falcone, J., Savona, N., Boyland, E., et al. (2023) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13631 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption for Childhood Obesity Prevention
Folkvord, F., Naderer, B., Coates, A., & Boyland, E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010157 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-reported advertising exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages among US youth
Kumar, G., Onufrak, S., Zytnick, D., Kingsley, B., & Park, S. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001785 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Advertising and Young People’s Critical Reasoning Abilities: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Packer, J., Croker, H., Goddings, A.-L., Boyland, E. J., Stansfield, C., Russell, S. J., & Viner, R. M. (2022) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057780 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Bagnato, M., Roy-Gagnon, M.-H., Vanderlee, L., White, C., Hammond, D., & Potvin Kent, M. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16158-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Boyland, E., Maden, M., Coates, A. E., Masterson, T. D., Alblas, M. C., Bruce, A. S., & Roberts, C. A. (2024) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13643 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Harris, J. L., Brownell, K. D., & Bargh, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harris, Jennifer L.
- Venue
- Social Issues and Policy Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-11-24
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 211-271
- ISSN
- 1751-2395 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-2409
- PMC
- PMC2826802
- OpenAlex
- W1968727795
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Issues and Policy Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060767)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- food marketing, children and adolescents, food advertising restrictions, television advertising, marketing to children, consumer resistance, public health policy, food marketing regulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review