Sleep Problems in Early Childhood: Continuities, Predictive Factors, and Behavioral Correlates
Abstract
A longitudinal study, based on interviews with 308 middle-class, preponderantly white mothers, provided an opportunity to evaluate the continuity, predictive factors, and behavioral correlates of sleep problems in young children. When their children were 8 months old, 10% of the mothers reported that their babies woke three or more times per night, 8% reported that the babies took an hour or more to settle after waking, 5% complained that their own sleep was severely disrupted by the child, and 18% reported at least one of these problems. At 3 years of age, 29% of the children had difficulty getting to bed and/or falling asleep or staying asleep. Of children with a sleep problem at 8 months of age, 41% still had a problem at 3 years of age, whereas only 26% of children without a problem at 8 months of age had a problem at 3 years of age (P < .001). Among children with sleep problems at 8 months of age, mothers' depressed feelings were the only measured demographic or psychosocial factor associated with persistent sleep problems (P = .02). A separate analysis indicated that these depressed feelings did not appear to be a consequence of the child's sleep problem. Future studies should evaluate how maternal depression interacts with other factors to result in persistent sleep problems. Children with persistent sleep problems were more likely to have behavior problems, especially tantrums (P < .02) and behavior management problems (P < .01), than were children without persistent sleep problems (P < .02). They were not more likely to have fears, anxiety, or other behavior problems measured by the Behavior Screening Questionnaire.
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Developmental continuity in sleep problems has been documented from infancy to childhood; 41% of infants identified as having sleep problems at 8 months experienced continuing difficulties at 3 years.
“Moreover, the occurrence of sleep problems in childhood does not appear to be transitory: developmental continuity in sleep problems has been documented from infancy to childhood, such that 41 % of infants identified as having sleep problems at 8 months experienced continuing difficulties at 3 years (Zuckerman et al. 1987).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Zuckerman et al. 1987
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Wolke, D., Meyer, R., Ohrt, B., et al. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01821.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Johnson, N., & McMahon, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01871.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sleep Problems in Children of Affectively Ill Mothers
Stoléru, S., Nottelmann, E. D., Belmont, B., & Ronsaville, D. S. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01601.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Jansen, P. W., Saridjan, N. S., Albert Hofman, D., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31820a4abb · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“(21) and might also be associated with disturbed sleeping (17,22).”
BackgroundInteraction Between Feeding Method and Co‐Sleeping on Maternal‐Newborn Sleep
Quillin, I. M., & Glenn, L. L. (2004) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1177/0884217504269013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Simard, V., Nielsen, T. A., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.1.62 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zuckerman, B., Stevenson, J., & Bailey, V.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- ORCID
- Zuckerman, Barry
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1987-11-01
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 664-671
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W2126897373
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Keywords
- infant sleep problems, nocturnal awakenings, bedtime resistance, maternal depression, behavioral problems, tantrums, early childhood, longitudinal development, mother-child relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Breast Feeding, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Depression, England, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors
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