Effectiveness of mRNA Vaccination in Preventing COVID-19–Associated Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Death — United States, March 2021–January 2022
Open accessAbstract
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] and mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) are effective at preventing COVID-19-associated hospitalization (1-3). However, how well mRNA vaccines protect against the most severe outcomes of these hospitalizations, including invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or death is uncertain. Using a case-control design, mRNA vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-19-associated IMV and in-hospital death was evaluated among adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized at 21 U.S. medical centers during March 11, 2021-January 24, 2022. During this period, the most commonly circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, were B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Previous vaccination (2 or 3 versus 0 vaccine doses before illness onset) in prospectively enrolled COVID-19 case-patients who received IMV or died within 28 days of hospitalization was compared with that among hospitalized control patients without COVID-19. Among 1,440 COVID-19 case-patients who received IMV or died, 307 (21%) had received 2 or 3 vaccine doses before illness onset. Among 6,104 control-patients, 4,020 (66%) had received 2 or 3 vaccine doses. Among the 1,440 case-patients who received IMV or died, those who were vaccinated were older (median age = 69 years), more likely to be immunocompromised* (40%), and had more chronic medical conditions compared with unvaccinated case-patients (median age = 55 years; immunocompromised = 10%; p<0.001 for both). VE against IMV or in-hospital death was 90% (95% CI = 88%-91%) overall, including 88% (95% CI = 86%-90%) for 2 doses and 94% (95% CI = 91%-96%) for 3 doses, and 94% (95% CI = 88%-97%) for 3 doses during the Omicron-predominant period. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19-associated death and respiratory failure treated with IMV. CDC recommends that all persons eligible for vaccination get vaccinated and stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccination (4).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The findings support the durability of mRNA vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospitalization and death for at least several months after receiving the second dose.
“These findings support the durability of vaccine protection against COVID-19 hospitalization and death for at least several months after receiving the second dose,13,14,23”
From Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Feikin, D. R., Higdon, M. M., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Andrews, N., Araos, R., Goldberg, Y., Groome, M. J., Huppert, A., O'Brien, K. L., Smith, P. G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00152-0 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity
Tenforde, M. W., Self, W. H., Adams, K., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.19499 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings
Thompson, M. G., Stenehjem, E. A., Grannis, S. J., Ball, S. W., Naleway, A. L., Ong, T. C., DeSilva, M. B., Natarajan, K., Bozio, C. H., Lewis, N., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2110362 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citationVaccines elicit highly conserved cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
Liu, J., Chandrashekar, A., Sellers, D., Barrett, J., Jacob-Dolan, C., Lifton, M. A., McMahan, K., Sciacca, M., VanWyk, H., Wu, C., et al. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04465-y · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Ferdinands, J. M., Rao, S., Dixon, B. E., Mitchell, P. K., DeSilva, M. B., Irving, S. A., Lewis, N., Natarajan, K., Stenehjem, E., Grannis, S. J., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationBritton, A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Shang, N., Smith, Z., Dorji, T., Derado, G., Accorsi, E. K., Ajani, U. A., Miller, J., Schrag, S. J., et al. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.2068 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges
Patel, M. M., York, I. A., Monto, A. S., Thompson, M. G., & Fry, A. M. (2021) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00180-4 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
McMenamin, M. E., Nealon, J., Lin, Y., Wong, J. Y., Cheung, J. K., Lau, E. H. Y., Wu, P., Leung, G. M., & Cowling, B. J. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00345-0 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Duration of mRNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 subvariants in Qatar
Chemaitelly, H., Ayoub, H. H., AlMukdad, S., Coyle, P., Tang, P., Yassine, H. M., Al-Khatib, H. A., Smatti, M. K., Hasan, M. R., Al-Kanaani, Z., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30895-3 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Adjei, S., Hong, K., Molinari, N., Bull–Otterson, L., Ajani, U. A., Gundlapalli, A. V., Harris, A. M., Hsu, J., Kadri, S. S., Starnes, J., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7137a4 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Kriss, J. L., Hung, M.-C., Srivastav, A., Black, C. L., Lindley, M. C., Lee, J. T., Koppaka, R., Tsai, Y., Lu, P.-J., Yankey, D., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7123a2 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Kumari, M., Chen, G., Hong, M.-H., Yuan, J. P., Tsai, J.-L., & Wu, H. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-023-00977-5 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Uversky, V. N., Redwan, E. M. M. M., Makis, W., & Rubio‐Casillas, A. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11050991 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Singson, J. R. C., Kirley, P. D., Pham, H., Rothrock, G., Armistead, I., Meek, J. I., Anderson, E. J., Reeg, L., Lynfield, R., Ropp, S. L., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7127a3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationFeikin, D. R., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Andrews, N., Davies, M.-A., Higdon, M. M., Orenstein, W. A., & Patel, M. K. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.069 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationLink‐Gelles, R., Levy, M. E., Natarajan, K., Reese, S. E., Naleway, A. L., Grannis, S. J., Klein, N. P., DeSilva, M. B., Ong, T. C., Gaglani, M., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2598 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationTsang, N. N. Y., So, H. C., Cowling, B. J., Leung, G. M., & Ip, D. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00732-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effectiveness of vaccination mandates in improving uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA
Mello, M. M., Opel, D. J., Benjamin, R. M., Callaghan, T., DiResta, R., Elharake, J. A., Flowers, L., Galvani, A. P., Salmon, D. A., Schwartz, J. L., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00875-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
de Gier, B., van Asten, L., Boere, T. M., van Roon, A. M., van Roekel, C., Pijpers, J., van Werkhoven, C. H., van den Ende, C., Hahné, S. J. M., de Melker, H. E., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.005 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Pather, S., Madhi, S. A., Cowling, B. J., Moss, P. A. H., Kamil, J. P., Ciesek, S., Muik, A., & Türeci, Ö. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130539 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Misleading Beyond Visual Tricks: How People Actually Lie with Charts
Lisnic, M., Polychronis, C., Lex, A., & Kogan, M. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580910 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Westberg, M., Su, Y., Zou, X., Huang, P., Rustagi, A., Garhyan, J., Patel, P. B., Fernández, D., Wu, Y., Hao, C., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
DeCuir, J., Surie, D., Zhu, Y., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., McNeal, T., et al. (2023) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7217a3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationFarroni, C., Aiello, A., Diamanti, A. P., Laganà, B., Petruccioli, E., Agrati, C., Garbuglia, A. R., Meschi, S., Lapa, D., Cuzzi, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.035 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wei, Y., Jia, K. M., Zhao, S., Hung, C. T., Mok, C. K. P., Poon, P. K.-M., Leung, E. Y. M., Wang, M. H., Yam, C. H. K., Chow, T. Y., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54777 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Association of 2024–2025 Covid-19 Vaccine with Covid-19 Outcomes in U.S. Veterans
Cai, M., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2510226 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kawano, Y., Patel, N. J., Wang, X., Cook, C., Vanni, K. M. M., Kowalski, E. N., Banasiak, E., Qian, G., DiIorio, M. A., Hsu, T. Y. T., et al. (2022) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222954 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Song, S., Madewell, Z. J., Liu, M., Longini, I. M., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195908 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
van der Maaden, T., Mutubuki, E. N., de Bruijn, S., Leung, K. Y., Knoop, H., Slootweg, J., Tulen, A. D., Wong, A., van Hoek, A. J., Franz, E., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac474 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kojima, N., Adams, K., Self, W. H., Gaglani, M., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S. A., Steingrub, J. S., Shapiro, N. I., Duggal, A., Busse, L. W., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad276 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMalden, D. E., Liu, I. A., Qian, L., Sy, L. S., Lewin, B. J., Asamura, D. T., Ryan, D. S., Bezi, C., Williams, J. T. B., Kaiser, R., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48022-9 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Shi, X., Li, K. Q., & Mukherjee, B. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac203 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Aiello, A., Coppola, A., Ruggieri, S., Farroni, C., Altera, A. M. G., Salmi, A., Vanini, V., Cuzzi, G., Petrone, L., Meschi, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2022-330175 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pratama, N. R., Wafa, I. A., Budi, D. S., Sutanto, H., Asmarawati, T. P., Barlian Effendi, G., & Wungu, C. D. K. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122180 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Tenforde, M. W., Reeves, E. L., Weber, Z. A., Tartof, S. Y., Klein, N. P., Dascomb, K. K., DeSilva, M. B., Yang, D., Grannis, S. J., Irving, S. A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciae597 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationReturn on Investment of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in New York City
Sah, P., VILCHES, T. N., Moghadas, S. M., Pandey, A., Gondi, S., Schneider, E. C., Singer, J., Chokshi, D. A., & Galvani, A. P. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.43127 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rahman, M. O., Kamigaki, T., Thandar, M. M., Haruyama, R., Yan, F., Shibamura-Fujiogi, M., Khin Maung Soe, J., Islam, M. R., Yoneoka, D., Miyahara, R., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076892 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ouyang, W. O., Tan, T. J. C., Lei, R., Song, G., Kieffer, C., Andrabi, R., Matreyek, K. A., & Wu, N. C. (2022) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.add7221 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mitchell, R., Cayen, J., Thampi, N., Frenette, C. H., Bartoszko, J. J., Choi, K. B., Comeau, J. L., Conly, J. M., Ellis, C., Ellison, J., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9050 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Griggs, E. P., Mitchell, P. K., Lazariu, V., Gaglani, M., McEvoy, C., Klein, N. P., Valvi, N. R., Irving, S. A., Kojima, N., Stenehjem, E. A., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad505 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Vaccination Status and Outcomes in Patients Admitted to the ICU With COVID-19*
van Diepen, S., McAlister, F. A., Chu, L. M., Youngson, E. R. E., Kaul, P., & Kadri, S. S. (2023) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005928 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smoot, K., Yang, J., Tacker, D. H., Welch, S., Khodaverdi, M., Kimble, W., Wen, S., Amjad, A., Marsh, C. B., Perrotta, P. L., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31334 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
COVID-19 Omicron Delta study group (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282806 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Leal, I. M., Njoh, J., Chen, T. A., Foreman-Hays, F., Reed, B. C., Haley, S. A., Chávez, K., Reitzel, L. R., & Obasi, E. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043372 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Progression to In-Hospital Mortality in Zambia, 2021–2022
Chanda, D. M., Hines, J. Z., Itoh, M., Fwoloshi, S., Minchella, P. A., Zyambo, K., Sivile, S., Kampamba, D., Chirwa, B., Chanda, R., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac469 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Duan, Q., Hu, T., Zhu, Q., Jin, X., Chi, F., & Chen, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.974433 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sritipsukho, P., Khawcharoenporn, T., Siribumrungwong, B., Damronglerd, P., Suwantarat, N., Satdhabudha, A., Chaiyakulsil, C., Sinlapamongkolkul, P., Tangsathapornpong, A., Bunjoungmanee, P., et al. (2023) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2174779 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Giannouchos, T. V., Li, Z., Hung, P., Li, X., & Olatosi, B. (2023) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-023-01216-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Estimated Effectiveness of 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccination Against Severe COVID-19
Ma, K. C., Webber, A. E., Lauring, A. S., Bendall, E. E., Papalambros, L., Safdar, B., Ginde, A. A., Peltan, I. D., Brown, S. M., Gaglani, M., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.57415 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationChenchula, S., Chandra, M. B., Adusumilli, M. B., Ghanta, S. N., Bommasani, A., Anitha, K., Padmavathi, R., Amerneni, K. C., Chikatipalli, R., Ghanta, M. K., et al. (2024) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2515 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
DeSilva, M. B., Mitchell, P. K., Klein, N. P., Dixon, B. E., Tenforde, M. W., Thompson, M. G., Naleway, A. L., Grannis, S. J., Ong, T. C., Natarajan, K., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac458 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSaxena, A., Engel, A., Banbury, B., Hasan, G., Fraser, N., Zaminski, D. H., Masson, M., Haberman, R. H., Scher, J. U., Ho, G. H., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00190-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Boffito, M., Dolan, E., Singh, K., Holmes, W. C., Wildum, S., Horga, A., Pietropaolo, K., Zhou, X., Clinch, B., Collinson, N., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00077-23 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccination reduced pneumonia severity
Wada, N., Li, Y., Hino, T., Gagne, S. M., Valtchinov, V. I., Gay, E. B., Nishino, M., Madore, B., Guttmann, C. R. G., Bond, S. A., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Radiology Open · doi:10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100456 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Balinsky, C. A., Jiang, L., Jani, V., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Z., Belinskaya, T., Qiu, Q., Long, T. K., Schilling, M. A., Jenkins, S. A., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266829 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kislaya, I., Sentís, A., Starrfelt, J., Nunes, B., Martínez‐Baz, I., Nielsen, K. F., Alkerwi, A., Braeye, T., Fontán‐Vela, M., Bacci, S., et al. (2023) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.13195 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Decoding the Human Genetic and Immunological Basis of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis
Bolze, A., Mogensen, T. H., Zhang, S., Abel, L., Andreakos, E., Arkin, L. M., Borghesi, A., Brodin, P., Hagin, D., Novelli, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-022-01372-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pařenica, J., Benešová, K., Radvan, M., Sanca, O., Hlásenský, J., Lokaj, P., Ondrúš, T., Helánová, K., Kala, P., Dušek, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.998842 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Resilient Regions in Brazil: Unfolding the Effects of COVID-19 From a Socioeconomic Perspective
Tupy, I. S., Silva, F. F., Diniz, G. F. C., Montenegro, R. L. G., Stein, A. D. Q., & Ferraz, D. E. (2022) · International Regional Science Review · doi:10.1177/01600176221145878 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Guo, K., Ni, P., Chang, S., Jin, Y., Duan, G., & Zhang, R. (2023) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2023.02.005 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for high-risk adult outpatients with COVID-19 in Japan
Mizuno, T., Kondo, Y., Sakai, M., Saneyasu, K., Kojima, R., & Miyake, Y. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Excess Death Rates by State During the COVID-19 Pandemic: United States, 2020‒2023
Woolf, S. H., Lee, J. H., Chapman, D. A., Sabo, R., & Zimmerman, E. B. (2024) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2024.307731 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simwanza, J., Hines, J. Z., Sinyange, D., Sinyange, N., Mulenga, C., Hanyinza, S., Sakubita, P., Langa, N., Nowa, H., Gardner, P. N., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.22-0368 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ko, J. Y., Pham, H., Anglin, O., Chai, S. J., Alden, N. B., Meek, J. I., Anderson, E. J., Weigel, A., Kohrman, A., Lynfield, R., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad266 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAtanasov, V. A., Barreto, N., Whittle, J., Meurer, J., Weston, B. W., Luo, Q., Yuan, A. Y., Franchi, L., Zhang, R., & Black, B. S. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11050971 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Wang, Y. J., Mouton, M., Zhang, J., & Shi, M. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/53375 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gaffney, A. W., Himmelstein, D. U., Dickman, S., Myers, C. K., Hemenway, D., McCormick, D., & Woolhandler, S. J. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15578 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, M., Cheng, W. A., Congrave‐Wilson, Z., Ruiz, C. J. M., Turner, L. S., Mendieta, S., Jumarang, J., Valle, J. D., Lee, Y., Fabrizio, T. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piad107 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Link-Gelles, R., Levy, M. E., Natarajan, K., Reese, S. E., Naleway, A. L., Grannis, S. J., Klein, N. P., DeSilva, M. B., Ong, T. C., Gaglani, M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.04.22280459 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationA SARS-CoV-2 outbreak associated with vaccine breakthrough in an acute care hospital
Park, S. Y., Kim, T. H., Lee, E. J., Loeb, M. B., Jeong, Y. S., Kim, J. H., Oh, S. M., Cheong, S., Park, H., Jo, S., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2022.05.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Asadi‐Mehregan, F., Assari, P., & Dehghan, M. (2022) · Engineering With Computers · doi:10.1007/s00366-022-01749-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Majeed, H., Gangu, K., Shekhar, R., Sagheer, S., Garg, I., Shuja, H., Bobba, A., Chourasia, P. K., Avula, S. R., & Sheikh, A. B. (2023) · Infectious Disease Reports · doi:10.3390/idr15010006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
CROI 2025: Acute and Postacute COVID-19
Antar, A. A. R., & Peluso, M. J. (2025) · Topics in antiviral medicine · doi:10.68040/2025333.555568 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Fostamatinib for Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 and Hypoxemia
Collins, S. P., Shotwell, M. S., Strich, J. R., Gibbs, K. W., de Wit, M., Files, D. C., Harkins, M. S., Hudock, K. M., Merck, L. H., Moskowitz, A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48215 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCheatham, S., Kummervold, P. E., Parisi, L., Lanfranchi, B., Croci, I., Comunello, F., Rota, M. C., Filia, A., Tozzi, A. E., Rizzo, C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.948880 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Djordjević, M., Marković, S. S., Salom, I., & Djordjevic, M. (2022) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114446 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Majeed, H., Gangu, K., Sagheer, S., Garg, I., Khan, U., Shuja, H., Bobba, A., Chourasia, P. K., Shekhar, R., Avula, S. R., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10122024 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluation of mortality risk after COVID-19 vaccination, Utah 2021
Payne, J. R., Bose, S., Kubiak, R. W., & Nolen, L. D. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.072 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Qualitative analysis of community pharmacy–based COVID-19 immunization service operations
McCormick, N. P., Jackson, B. N., Durham, S. H., Hohmann, N. S., & Westrick, S. C. (2023) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1016/j.japh.2023.06.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Zhao, D., Sun, Y., Li, J., Li, X., Ma, Y., Cao, Z., Zhang, J., Ma, J., Li, J., Wang, Q., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09889-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Moffa, M. A., Shively, N. R., Carr, D. R., Bremmer, D. N., Buchanan, C., Trienski, T. L., Jacobs, M. W., Saini, V., & Walsh, T. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac438 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nolan, M. B., Nolan, M. E., Piasecki, T. M., & Fiore, M. C. (2023) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2023.01.029 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jin, Q., Raza, S. H., Yousaf, M., Zaman, U., Ogadimma, E. C., Shah, A. A., Core, R. S., & Malik, A. N. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/43628 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Machado, K. L. L. L., Burian, A. P. N., Martins‐Filho, O. A., Mill, J. G., Ferreira, L. B., Tapia, K. R. L., Moulin, A. C. S., Moulaz, I. R., Ribeiro, P. D. C., Magalhães, V. D. O., et al. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12121367 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nanotechnology Assisted Strategies to Tackle COVID and Long-COVID
Aadil, K. R., Bhange, K., Mishra, G., Sahu, A., Sharma, S., Pandey, N., Mishra, Y. K., Kaushik, A. K., & Kumar, R. (2025) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-025-01812-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
YouTube and COVID-19 vaccines: A mini scoping review
Narayanan, S., & Basch, C. H. (2023) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2023.2202091 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Niu, J., Kim, M., Jalal, A. T., Goldberg, J. E., Martinez, E. M. A., Moscoso, N. P. S., Rubio-Gomez, H., Mayer, D., Visbal, A., Sareli, C., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11121703 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
McGinley, H. L. C., Hancock, W. T., Kern-Allely, S., Jenssen, M., Chutaro, E., Camacho, J., Judicpa, P., Okumura, K., Muñoz, N., Ademokun, O., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002052 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kang, H., Na, P. J., Fischer, I. C., Tsai, J., Tedeschi, R. G., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115370 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shang, Y., Wu, J., Liu, J., Long, Y., Xie, J., Zhang, D., Hu, B., Zong, Y., Liao, X., Shang, X., et al. (2022) · Journal of Intensive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jointm.2022.07.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccination Safety Profiles in Patients With Solid Tumour Cancers: A Systematic Review
Shear, S. L., Shams, K., Weisberg, J., Hamidi, N., & Scott, S. C. (2023) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.clon.2023.03.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anti‐science conspiracies pose new threats to US biomedicine in 2023
Hotez, P. J. (2023) · FASEB BioAdvances · doi:10.1096/fba.2023-00032 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Erice, A., Prieto, L., & Caballero, C. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11121835 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Prior COVID-19 Diagnosis, Severe Outcomes, and Long COVID among U.S. Adults, 2022
Nguyen, K. H., Bao, Y., Chen, S., Bednarczyk, R. A., Vasudevan, L., & Corlin, L. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12060669 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Morris, J. S. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae280 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wiedemann, A., Pellaton, C., Dekeyser, M., Guillaumat, L., Déchenaud, M., Krief, C., Lacabaratz, C., Grimbert, P., Pantaleo, G., Lévy, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.978764 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Topf, K. G., Sheppard, M., Marx, G. E., Wiegand, R. E., Link‐Gelles, R., Binder, A. M., Cool, A. J., Lyons, B. C., Park, S., Fast, H. E., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276409 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neumann, G., Cowling, B. J., Chen, H., Stertz, S., Manicassamy, B., Barr, I., Uyeki, T. M., & Kawaoka, Y. (2026) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-026-00727-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pérez-Then, E. N., Miric, M., Qian, H., Chen, Y. Q., Wang, Y., Vallejo, V., Quezada, W., Flaquer, M., Olivo, J., Castillo, J. C., et al. (2023) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofad075 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mahasing, C., Suphanchaimat, R., Teekasap, P., Nittayasoot, N., Wongsanuphat, S., & Thammawijaya, P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310427 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Robalo, Q., Mot, L. D., Vandromme, M., Goethem, N. V., Gabrio, A., Chung, P. Y. J., Meurisse, M., Catteau, L., Thijs, C. T., & Blot, K. Y. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
AlQahtani, S. Y., Alabdulqader, A. A., Mashhour, W. A. A., Aldawood, Z. M., Masari, O. A. A., Alotaibi, T., AlGhamdi, Z. M., Alzahrani, I. M., & Albaloushi, N. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s411299 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zavgorodneva, Z., Zhang, C. J., Bondiuk, M., & Zahedi, T. (2023) · AACE Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aace.2023.05.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Manole, C., Baroiu, L., Nechita, A., Voinescu, D. C., Ciubară, A., Debita, M., Tatu, A. L., Ciubara, A. B., Ștefanopol, I. A., Anghel, L., et al. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11152184 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Edwards, A. L., Tavakol, M., Mello, A., Kerney, J., & Roberts, J. P. (2023) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.ajt.2023.09.009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Misleading Beyond Visual Tricks: How People Actually Lie with ChartsPreprint
Lisnic, M., Polychronis, C., Lex, A., & Kogan, M. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ky6th · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tenforde, M. W., Self, W. H., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., Zepeski, A., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S., Gibbs, K. W., Files, D. C., Hager, D. N., Shehu, A., Prekker, M. E., Frosch, A. E., Gong, M. N., Mohamed, A., Johnson, N. J., Srinivasan, V., Steingrub, J. S., Peltan, I. D., Brown, S. M., Martin, E. T., Monto, A. S., Khan, A., Hough, C. L., Busse, L. W., Duggal, A., Wilson, J. G., Qadir, N., Chang, S. Y., Mallow, C., Rivas, C., Babcock, H. M., Kwon, J. H., Exline, M. C., Botros, M., Lauring, A. S., Shapiro, N. I., Halasa, N., Chappell, J. D., Grijalva, C. G., Rice, T. W., Jones, I. D., Stubblefield, W. B., Baughman, A., Womack, K. N., Rhoads, J. P., Lindsell, C. J., Hart, K. W., Zhu, Y., Adams, K., Surie, D., McMorrow, M. L., Patel, M. M., & IVY Network
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tenforde, Mark W.
- ORCID
- Tenforde, Mark W.
- Self, Wesley H.
- Gaglani, Manjusha
- Ginde, Adit A.
- Douin, David J.
- Talbot, H. Keipp
- Casey, Jonathan D.
- Mohr, Nicholas M.
- Zepeski, Anne
- McNeal, Tresa
- Ghamande, Shekhar
- Gibbs, Kevin W.
- Files, D. Clark
- Hager, David N.
- Shehu, Arber
- Prekker, Matthew E.
- Frosch, Anne E.
- Gong, Michelle N.
- Mohamed, Amira
- Johnson, Nicholas J.
- Srinivasan, Vasisht
- Steingrub, Jay S.
- Peltan, Ithan D.
- Brown, Samuel M.
- Martin, Emily T.
- Monto, Arnold S.
- Khan, Akram
- Hough, Catherine L.
- Busse, Laurence W.
- Duggal, Abhijit
- Wilson, Jennifer G.
- Qadir, Nida
- Chang, Steven Y.
- Mallow, Christopher
- Rivas, Carolina
- Babcock, Hilary M.
- Kwon, Jennie H.
- Exline, Matthew C.
- Botros, Mena
- Lauring, Adam S.
- Shapiro, Nathan I.
- Halasa, Natasha
- Chappell, James D.
- Grijalva, Carlos G.
- Rice, Todd W.
- Stubblefield, William B.
- Womack, Kelsey N.
- Rhoads, Jillian P.
- Lindsell, Christopher J.
- Hart, Kimberly W.
- Zhu, Yuwei
- Adams, Katherine
- Surie, Diya
- McMorrow, Meredith L.
- Patel, Manish M.
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2022-03-25
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 459-465
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC8956334
- OpenAlex
- W4220929994
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 49
- FWCI
- 20.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Sanofi
- Vanderbilt University
- University of Miami
- Ohio State University
- Medpace
- United Therapeutics Corporation
- Wake Forest University
- University of Washington
- Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation
- Cumberland Pharmaceuticals
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Marcus Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- University of California, Los Angeles
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL153584)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K23GM129661, T32GM135169)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (K08AI141761)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, vaccine effectiveness, invasive mechanical ventilation, in-hospital mortality, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, hospitalized COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 variants, Omicron variant, Delta variant, Alpha variant, immunocompromised patients, prior vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, severe COVID-19 outcomes
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Vaccine Efficacy, BNT162 Vaccine, 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273, Humans, Respiration, Artificial, United States, Hospital Mortality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review