Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Among Immunocompetent Adults During BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 Predominant Periods of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in the United States — IVY Network, 18 States, December 26, 2021–August 31, 2022
Open accessAbstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529or BA.1) became predominant in the United States by late December 2021 (1).BA.1 has since been replaced by emerging lineages BA.2 (including BA.2.12.1) in March 2022, followed by BA.4 and BA.5, which have accounted for a majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections since late June 2022 (1).Data on the effectiveness of monovalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against BA.4/BA.5associatedhospitalizations are limited, and their interpretation is complicated by waning of vaccine-induced immunity (2-5).Further, infections with earlier Omicron lineages, including BA.1 and BA.2, reduce vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates because certain persons in the referent unvaccinated group have protection from infection-induced immunity.The IVY Network † assessed effectiveness of 2, 3, and 4 doses of monovalent mRNA vaccines compared with no vaccination against COVID-19associated hospitalization among immunocompetent adults aged ≥18 years during December 26, 2021-August 31, 2022.During the BA.1/BA.2period, VE 14-150 days after a second dose was 63% and decreased to 34% after 150 days.Similarly, * These authors contributed equally to this report.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Eight studies assessed VE of primary series or first booster dose vaccination separately for at least two different Omicron subvariants (six assessed VE of both primary series and booster dose vaccination and two assessed VE of a booster dose only).
“Eight studies assessed VE of primary series or first booster dose vaccination separately for at least two different Omicron subvariants (six assessed VE of both primary series and booster dose vaccination and two assessed VE of a booster dose only, Tables 1 and 2) [21,24-26,28-33].”
From Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron subvariants: Report from a meeting of the World Health Organization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
The Methods and Results report separate VE estimates for two-dose primary vaccination and three-dose booster vaccination during the BA.1/BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 periods. However, the Discussion says the lineages within each period were pooled, so the study did not estimate VE separately for individual Omicron subvariants. The count of eight studies is the citing authors’ synthesis, not a finding attributed to this paper alone. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor several studies that evaluated median time since last dose, time since last dose was longer for BA.4/5 compared to BA.1.
“For several studies that evaluated the median time since last dose, indeed the time since last dose was longer for BA.4/5 compared to BA.1 [25,26,30].”
From Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron subvariants: Report from a meeting of the World Health Organization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Among three studies that compared VE against BA.1/2 with BA.4/5, one showed a similar VE within the first four months following a booster dose, but lower VE against BA.4/5 beyond 4 months; one study showed similar VE at all periods; the third showed lower VE against BA.4/5 than BA.1/2 at all periods, though confidence intervals overlapped.
“Among three studies that compared VE against BA.1/2 with BA.4/5, one showed a similar VE within the first four months following a booster dose, but lower VE against BA.4/5 beyond 4 months; one study showed similar VE at all periods; the third showed lower VE against BA.4/5 than BA.1/2 at all periods, though confidence intervals overlapped [21,28,30].”
From Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron subvariants: Report from a meeting of the World Health Organization (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Bivalent Omicron-Containing Booster Vaccine against Covid-19
Chalkias, S., Harper, C., Vrbicky, K., Walsh, S. R., Essink, B., Brosz, A., McGhee, N., Tomassini, J. E., Chen, X., Chang, Y., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2208343 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Ferdinands, J. M., Rao, S., Dixon, B. E., Mitchell, P. K., DeSilva, M. B., Irving, S. A., Lewis, N., Natarajan, K., Stenehjem, E., Grannis, S. J., et al. (2022) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7107e2 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationNeutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 and BA.2.12.1 Subvariants
Qu, P., Faraone, J. N., Evans, J. P., Zou, X., Zheng, Y.-M., Carlin, C., Bednash, J. S., Lozanski, G., Mallampalli, R. K., Saif, L. J., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2206725 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Tseng, H. F., Ackerson, B. K., Bruxvoort, K. J., Sy, L. S., Tubert, J. E., Lee, G. S., Ku, J. H., Florea, A., Luo, Y., Qiu, S., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-35815-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Effectiveness and Durability of the BNT162b2 Vaccine against Omicron Sublineages in South Africa
Collie, S., Nayager, J., Bamford, L., Bekker, L.-G., Zylstra, M., & Gray, G. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2210093 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [3]Kirsebom FCM, Andrews N, Stowe J, Ramsay M, Bernal JL. Effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines against severe disease with Omicron sub-lineages BA.4 and BA.5 in England. medRxiv [Preprint posted online September 1, 2022]. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.31.22279444v1.full.pdf · DOI
- [4]Kislaya I, Casaca P, Borges V, SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 vaccine breakthrough risk and severity compared with BA.2: a case-case and cohort study using electronic health records in Portugal. medRxiv [Preprint posted online July 25, 2022]. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.25.22277996v1.full.pdf · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Surie, D., DeCuir, J., Zhu, Y., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., Zepeski, A. E., et al. (2022) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm715152e2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationAndersson, N. W., Thiesson, E. M., Baum, U., Pihlström, N., Starrfelt, J., Faksová, K., Poukka, E., Meijerink, H., Ljung, R., & Hviid, A. P. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-075286 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Tartof, S. Y., Slezak, J. M., Puzniak, L., Hong, V. X., Frankland, T. B., Ackerson, B. K., Xie, F., Takhar, H. S., Ogun, O. A., Simmons, S. R., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(23)00306-5 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Tseng, H. F., Ackerson, B. K., Sy, L. S., Tubert, J. E., Luo, Y., Qiu, S., Lee, G. S., Bruxvoort, K. J., Ku, J. H., Florea, A., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41537-7 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
COVID-19 Vaccination in Korea: Past, Present, and the Way Forward
Nham, E., Song, J. Y., Noh, J. Y., Cheong, H. J., & Kim, W. J. (2022) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e351 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Feikin, D. R., Higdon, M. M., Andrews, N., Collie, S., Deloria Knoll, M., Kwong, J. C., Link-Gelles, R., Pilishvili, T., & Patel, M. K. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationStewart, R., Yan, K., Ellis, S. A., Bishop, C. R., Dumenil, T. D., Tang, B., Nguyen, W., Larcher, T., Parry, R. H., Sng, J. D. J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320856 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Tseng, Y., Olson, K. L., Bloch, D., & Mandl, K. D. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.16190 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era
Miao, G.-G., Chen, Z.-Q., Cao, H.-S., Wu, W., Chu, X.-L., Liu, H.-Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, H., Cai, H.-Z., Lu, X., et al. (2023) · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114208 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Carazo, S., Skowronski, D. M., Brisson, M., Sauvageau, C., Brousseau, N., Fafard, J., Gilca, R., Talbot, D. C., Ouakki, M., Febriani, Y., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00099-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chen, H., Wang, W., Chen, C., Chang, W., Hsueh, P., Peng, S., Wu, C.-S., Chen, Y., Huang, H., Shen, W., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.84899 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Development of COVID-19 vaccine policy — United States, 2020–2023
Oliver, S. E., Wallace, M. M., Twentyman, E., Moulia, D., Godfrey, M., Link‐Gelles, R., Meyer, S. A., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Hall, E., Wolicki, J., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.022 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Marks, K., & Gulick, R. M. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202310170 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Vaccination effects on post-infection outcomes in the Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai
Wu, Q., Wang, H., Cai, J., Ai, J., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, S., Sun, F., Wu, Y., Zhou, J., et al. (2023) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2169197 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Fusco, M. D., Marczell, K., Thoburn, E., Wiemken, T. L., Yang, J., & Yarnoff, B. (2023) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2023.2193067 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Arashiro, T., Arima, Y., Kuramochi, J., Muraoka, H., Sato, A., Chubachi, K., Oba, K., Yanai, A., Arioka, H., Uehara, Y., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Surie, D., Bonnell, L. N., DeCuir, J., Gaglani, M., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S. A., Steingrub, J. S., Shapiro, N. I., Busse, L. W., Prekker, M. E., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.028 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEffectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine booster doses against Omicron severe outcomes
Grewal, R., Nguyen, L., Buchan, S. A., Wilson, S. E., Nasreen, S., Austin, P. C., Brown, K. A., Fell, D. B., Gubbay, J., Schwartz, K. L., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.10.31.22281766 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kompaniyets, L., Wiegand, R. E., Oyalowo, A. C., Bull–Otterson, L., Egwuogu, H., Thompson, T., Kahihikolo, K., Moore, L., Jones-Jack, N., Kalach, R. E., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad063 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, K., Zhang, L., Fang, Z., Li, J., Li, C., Song, W., Huang, Z., Chen, R., Zhang, Y., & Li, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294288 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maeda, H., Saito, N., Igarashi, A., Ishida, M., Terada, M., Masuda, S., Osawa, R., Hosokawa, N., Nakashima, K., Kamura, H., et al. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2310807 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tomioka, K., Uno, K., & Yamada, M. (2023) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.23-00061 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Figueroa, A. L., Ali, K., Berman, G., Zhou, H., Deng, W., Xu, W., Lussier, S. J., Girard, B., Dutko, F. J., Slobod, K., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102720 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lee, J. A., Jang, H., Ahn, S. M., Seong, J. E., Kim, Y. K., Sohn, Y., Jung, S., Jeong, H. W., Kim, S., Lee, J. S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107249 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dimcheff, D. E., Blair, C. N., Zhu, Y., Chappell, J. D., Gaglani, M., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S. A., Steingrub, J. S., Shapiro, N. I., Duggal, A., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad061 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationClair, L. A. S., Eldesouki, R. E., Sachithanandham, J., Yin, A., Fall, A., Morris, C. P., Norton, J. M., Abdullah, O. R., Dhakal, S., Barranta, C., et al. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00812-23 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Thakkar, K. B., Spinardi, J., Kyaw, M. H., Yang, J., Mendoza, C. F., Ozbilgili, E., Dodd, J., Yarnoff, B., & Punrin, S. (2023) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2265460 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rane, M. S., Robertson, M. M., Kulkarni, S., Frogel, D., Gainus, C., & Nash, D. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.039 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Marchese, A. M., Zhou, X., Kinol, J., Underwood, E., Woo, W., McGarry, A., Beyhaghi, H., Áñez, G., Toback, S. L., & Dunkle, L. M. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.054 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mediavilla, J. R., Lozy, T., Lee, A., Kim, J. S., Kan, V. W., Titova, E., Amin, A., Zody, M. C., Corvelo, A., Oschwald, D. M., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081699 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mostafavi, F., Bahardoust, M., Sera, F., Amirabadizadeh, A., Allahyari, S., Ssentongod, P., Karami, M., & Nazari, S. S. H. (2024) · Journal of Research in Health Sciences · doi:10.34172/jrhs.2024.161 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smith, D. S., Postma, M. J., Fisman, D. N., & Mould-Quevedo, J. F. (2025) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126879 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 infection induces post-acute lung fibrosis in BALB/c mice
Powers, J. M., Leist, S. R., Suryadevara, N., Zost, S. J., Binshtein, E., Abdelgadir, A., Mallory, M. L., Edwards, C. E., Gully, K. L., Hubbard, M. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01406-25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kelly, J. D., Leonard, S. J., Boscardin, W. J., Hoggatt, K. J., Lum, E. N., Austin, C., Byers, A. L., Tien, P. C., Austin, P. C., Bravata, D. M., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-38503-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thakkar, K. B., Spinardi, J., Kyaw, M. H., Yang, J., Mendoza, C. F., Ozbilgili, E., Taysi, B. N., Dodd, J., Yarnoff, B., & Oh, H. M. L. (2023) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2290931 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhong, W., Wu, Y., Yue, W., Fang, J., Xie, B., Xu, N., Lin, M., Zhu, X., Su, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1179552 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Hara, M., Ohta, Y., Fusazaki, N., & Hirota, Y. (2023) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20230093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Engaging a national-scale cohort of smart thermometer users in participatory surveillance
Tseng, Y., Olson, K. L., Bloch, D., & Mandl, K. D. (2023) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-023-00917-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
COVID-19 vaccination in adults with inflammatory bowel disease
Lutz, M. K., Lazarus, S. G., & Caldera, F. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848231173130 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chen, X., Mohapatra, A., Nguyen, H. T. V., Schimanski, L. M., Tan, T. K., Rijal, P., Chen, C., Cheng, S., Lee, W.-H., Chou, Y., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012246 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Thakkar, K. B., Spinardi, J., Kyaw, M. H., Yang, J., Mendoza, C. F., Dass, M., Law, W., Ozbilgili, E., & Yarnoff, B. (2023) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2245465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Chen, Y.-C., Chuang, C.-H., Chang, S., & Chiu, C. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11091441 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of public health and social measures with vaccine effectiveness
Tsang, T. K., Sullivan, S. G., Huang, X., Wang, C., Li-ping, P., Yang, B., & Cowling, B. J. (2026) · Nature Health · doi:10.1038/s44360-026-00127-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Increased neurovirulence of omicron BA.5 over BA.1 in human brain organoids and K18-hACE2 micePreprint
Stewart, R., Ellis, S. A., Yan, K., Dumenil, T. D., Bishop, C., Tang, B., Nguyen, W., Larcher, T., Sullivan, R., Lor, M., et al. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2702556/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Akoury, N. A., Spinardi, J., Haridy, H., Moussa, M., Elshabrawi, M. A., Mendoza, C. F., Yang, J., Dodd, J., Kyaw, M. H., & Yarnoff, B. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2438757 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Belongia, E. A., Petrie, J. G., Feldstein, L. R., Guan, L., Halfmann, P., King, J. P., Neumann, G., Pattinson, D., Rolfes, M. A. R., McLean, H. Q., et al. (2023) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piad109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationShamsollahi, H. R., Younesian, S., Nikfarjam, A., Nasiri, Z., & Yunesian, M. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42670 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chong, Y., Goto, T., Watanabe, H., Tani, N., Yonekawa, A., Ikematsu, H., Shimono, N., Tanaka, Y., & Akashi, K. (2023) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.962 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Risk of cardiovascular events and death according to COVID-19 reinfection
Kozyk, M., Navolokina, A. S., & Bondarenko, A. V. (2023) · Cardiology Journal · doi:10.5603/cj.a2023.0031
Liu, C. Y., Shioda, K., Kraay, A. N. M., Massora, S., de Jesus, Á., Massinga, A. J., Monjane, C., Omer, S. B., Jenness, S. M., Nelson, K., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.29.23294793
Akoury, N. A., Spinardi, J., Haridy, H., -Osman, N. M., Mphahlele, N., Mendoza, C. F., Yang, J., Aruffo, E., Kyaw, M. H., & Yarnoff, B. (2024) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2024.2396091
Thakkar, K. B., Kyaw, M. H., Surendran, S., Chirila, I., Mendoza, C. F., Husin, M., Tok, P. S. K., Jayaraj, V. J., Sivasampu, S., Dodd, J., et al. (2025) · Pulmonary Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41030-025-00329-8
Thakkar, K., Kyaw, M. H., Chirila, I., Mendoza, C. F., Dodd, J., & Yarnoff, B. (2026) · Pulmonary Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41030-025-00340-z
Thakkar, K., Thamaree, R., Kyaw, M. H., Chirila, I., Mendoza, C. F., Dodd, J., Yarnoff, B., & Kiertiburanakul, S. (2026) · Pulmonary Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41030-026-00358-x
A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Vaccines: Development, Efficacy, Safety, and Immunity
Ehsan, H. (2026) · Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.58854/jicm.1790747
- Authors
- Surie, D., Bonnell, L., Adams, K., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., Zepeski, A., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S., Gibbs, K. W., Files, D. C., Hager, D. N., Shehu, A., Frosch, A. P., Erickson, H. L., Gong, M. N., Mohamed, A., Johnson, N. J., Srinivasan, V., Steingrub, J. S., Peltan, I. D., Brown, S. M., Martin, E. T., Khan, A., Bender, W. S., Duggal, A., Wilson, J. G., Qadir, N., Chang, S. Y., Mallow, C., Rivas, C., Kwon, J. H., Exline, M. C., Lauring, A. S., Shapiro, N. I., Halasa, N., Chappell, J. D., Grijalva, C. G., Rice, T. W., Stubblefield, W. B., Baughman, A., Womack, K. N., Hart, K. W., Swan, S. A., Zhu, Y., DeCuir, J., Tenforde, M. W., Patel, M. M., McMorrow, M. L., Self, W. H., IVY Network, IVY Network, Calhoun, N., Herrick, J., Hoffman, E., McKillop, A., Murthy, K., Smith, M., Zayed, M., De Souza, L., Kozikowski, L.-A., Ouellette, S., Ashok, K., Gole, S., King, A., Mehkri, O., Poynter, B., ten Lohuis, C., Stanley, N., Caspers, S., Hendrickson, A., Kaus, O., Taghizadeh, L., Tordsen, W., Aston, V., Bowers, R., Jorgensen, J., King, J., Ali, H., Rothman, R. E., Chen, J.-T., Nair, R., Allada, G., Briceno, G., Giovanni, S., Hubel, K. A., Martinez, J., Oh, M., Pak, J., Pena, J., Gordon, A. J., Levitt, J., Perez, C., Roque, J., Visweswaran, A., Karow, S., Khan, M., Klingler, A., Pannu, S., Smith, D., Schwartz, E., Snyder, C., So, M., So, P., Swoope, G., Weigand, M., Carricato, M., Chambers, I., Driver, C., Goff, J., Huynh, D., Jensen, K., Chandrasekaran, S., Frankel, T., Garner, O., Fairfield, C., Landers, S., Nassar, P., Williams, C., Gershengorn, H., Bielak, R., Blair, C., Fitzsimmons, W. J., Fong, R., Gilbert, J., McSpadden, E., Thomas, L., Truscon, R., Valvano, W. D., Anderson, L. A., Crider, C. D., Paulson, T. C., Steinbock, K. A., Blair, M., Ezzell, L. J., Hargrave, S. J., Kampe, C., Johnson, J., Luther, J. L., McHenry, R. E., Peterson, B. P. M., Pulido, C. G., Short, L. L., Whitsett, M. E., Hicks, M., Landreth, L., LaRose, M., Parks, L., Babcock, H., Hink, T., Jolani, K., McDonald, D., O’Neal, C., Parikh, B., Parrish, K., & Samuels, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Baylor Scott & White Health (US)
- Baystate Medical Center (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Hennepin County Medical Center (US)
- Intermountain Medical Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Montefiore Medical Center (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of Colorado Hospital (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Surie, Diya
- ORCID
- Surie, Diya
- Adams, Katherine
- Gaglani, Manjusha
- Ginde, Adit A.
- Douin, David J.
- Talbot, H. Keipp
- Casey, Jonathan D.
- Mohr, Nicholas M.
- Zepeski, Anne
- McNeal, Tresa
- Ghamande, Shekhar
- Gibbs, Kevin W.
- Files, D. Clark
- Hager, David N.
- Shehu, Arber
- Erickson, Heidi L.
- Gong, Michelle N.
- Mohamed, Amira
- Johnson, Nicholas J.
- Srinivasan, Vasisht
- Steingrub, Jay S.
- Peltan, Ithan D.
- Brown, Samuel M.
- Martin, Emily T.
- Khan, Akram
- Duggal, Abhijit
- Wilson, Jennifer G.
- Qadir, Nida
- Chang, Steven Y.
- Mallow, Christopher
- Rivas, Carolina
- Kwon, Jennie H.
- Exline, Matthew C.
- Lauring, Adam S.
- Shapiro, Nathan I.
- Halasa, Natasha
- Chappell, James D.
- Grijalva, Carlos G.
- Rice, Todd W.
- Stubblefield, William B.
- Womack, Kelsey N.
- Hart, Kimberly W.
- Zhu, Yuwei
- Tenforde, Mark W.
- Patel, Manish M.
- McMorrow, Meredith L.
- Self, Wesley H.
- Murthy, Kempapura
- Smith, Michael
- Kozikowski, Lori-Ann
- Ouellette, Scott
- Mehkri, Omar
- Taghizadeh, Leyla
- Rothman, Richard E.
- Hubel, Kinsley A.
- Oh, Minn
- Schwartz, Elizabeth
- Huynh, David
- Chandrasekaran, Sukantha
- Garner, Omai
- Fairfield, Catherine
- Landers, Shannon
- Gershengorn, Hayley
- Fitzsimmons, William J.
- Thomas, Lara
- Truscon, Rachel
- Valvano, Weronika Damek
- Short, Laura L.
- Babcock, Hilary
- Parikh, Bijal
- Parrish, Katie
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2022-10-21
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 1327-1334
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC9590291
- OpenAlex
- W4306942168
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- American Thoracic Society
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Medpace
- United Therapeutics Corporation
- University of Washington
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Society of Hospital Medicine
- Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals
- National Institutes of Health
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- Military Health System
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL153584)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (K23GM129661, T32GM135169)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- vaccine effectiveness, COVID-19 hospitalization, Omicron variant, BA.4/BA.5, vaccine waning, immunocompetent adult, breakthrough infection, SARS-CoV-2
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, mRNA Vaccines, Adolescent, Adult, Hospitalization, Humans, RNA, Messenger, United States, Vaccines, Combined
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
