The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2019–2021
Open accessAbstract
Chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting ≥3 months) is a debilitating condition that affects daily work and life activities for many adults in the United States and has been linked with depression (1), Alzheimer disease and related dementias (2), higher suicide risk (3), and substance use and misuse (4).During 2016, an estimated 50 million adults in the United States experienced chronic pain, resulting in substantial health care costs and lost productivity (5,6).Addressing chronic pain and improving the lives of persons living with pain is a public health imperative.Population research objectives in the National Pain Strategy, which was released in 2016 by the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee, call for more precise estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain (i.e., chronic pain that results in substantial restriction to daily activities) in the general population and within various population groups to guide efforts to reduce the impact of chronic pain (3).Further, a 2022 review of U.S. chronic pain surveillance systems identified the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) as the best source for pain surveillance data (7).CDC analyzed data from the 2019-2021 NHIS to provide updated estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain and highimpact chronic pain among adults in the United States and within population groups defined by demographic, geographic, socioeconomic, and health status characteristics.During 2021, an estimated 20.9% of U.S. adults (51.6 million persons) experienced chronic pain, and 6.9% (17.1 million persons) experienced high-impact chronic pain.New findings from this analysis include that non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults, adults identifying as bisexual, and adults who are divorced or separated are among the populations experiencing a higher prevalence of chronic pain and highimpact chronic pain.Clinicians, practices, health systems, and payers should vigilantly attend to health inequities and ensure access to appropriate, affordable, diversified, coordinated, and effective pain management care for all persons (8).NHIS is a cross-sectional, household survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population conducted annually by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).*Data were analyzed using the 2019-2021 Sample Adult Interviews.† Survey questions used to estimate the prevalence of pain included, "In the past three months, how often did you have pain?Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day?" and "Over the past three months, how often did your pain limit your life or work activities?Would you say never, some days, most days, INSIDE 386 Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae -10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011-2018 391 Update on Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Outbreak -Southeastern Africa, 2021-2022 398 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mpox Cases and Vaccination Among Adult Males -United States, May-December 2022 404 Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Mpox-Associated Deaths -United States, May 10, 2022-March 7, 2023 411 Notes From the Field: Campylobacteriosis Outbreak Associated with Consumption of Raw Water -Montana, 2022 414 QuickStats
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the US, 30.1% of those with HICP are employed 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The mean age of the PATH participants (49.8 years) is also typical of the HICP population in the US (low 50s). 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Chronic pain is one of the most common chronic conditions in the United States based on multiple prevalence studies 1 with the most recent national estimate at 20.9% of US adults. 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The employment status, however, is not typical. In the US, 30.1% of those with HICP are employed 2 while 50% of the PATH participants are employed full-time, and 17% are employed part-time.”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“67% of the participants were employed at least part-time vs only 30.1% of those with HICP in the US are employed. 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2016
Dahlhamer, J., Lucas, J., Zelaya, Nahin, R., Mackey, S., DeBar, L., Kerns, R., Von Korff, M., Porter, L., & Helmick, C. (2018) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2 · Cited by 2,598
The Economic Costs of Pain in the United States
Gaskin, D. J., & Richard, P. (2012) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009 · Cited by 2,359
CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022
Dowell, D., Ragan, K. R., Jones, C. M., Baldwin, G. T., & Chou, R. (2022) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1 · Cited by 1,886
Depression and chronic pain in the elderly: links and management challenges
Zis, P., Daskalaki, A., Bountouni, I., Sykioti, P., Varrassi, G., & Paladini, A. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s113576 · Cited by 458
Ditre, J. W., Zale, E. L., & LaRowe, L. R. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440 · Cited by 247
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Chronic Pain
Morales, M. E., & Yong, R. J. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa427 · Cited by 224
A Review of Potential National Chronic Pain Surveillance Systems in the United States
Duca, L. M., Helmick, C. G., Barbour, K. E., Nahin, R. L., Korff, M. V., Murphy, L. B., Theis, K. A., Guglielmo, D., Dahlhamer, J. M., Porter, L. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.02.013 · Cited by 45
Khalid, S., Sambamoorthi, U., Umer, A., Lilly, C. L., Gross, D. K., & Innes, K. E. (2021) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643211036219 · Cited by 42
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Adults With Chronic Pain
Aaron, R. V., Ravyts, S. G., Carnahan, N. D., Bhattiprolu, K., Harte, N., McCaulley, C. C., Vitalicia, L., Rogers, A. B., Wegener, S. T., & Dudeney, J. E. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0268 · Cited by 293
İçer, M. A., Sarıkaya, B., Koçyiğit, E., Atabılen, B., Çelik, M. N., Capasso, R., Ağagündüz, D., & Budán, F. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13152437 · Cited by 108
Janus effect of the anterior cingulate cortex: Pain and emotion
Journée, S. H., Mathis, V., Fillinger, C., Veinante, P., & Yalçın, İ. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105362 · Cited by 85
Baker, M. B., Liu, E., Bully, M. A., Hsieh, A., Nozari, A., Tuler, M., & Binda, D. D. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12171765 · Cited by 72
“Thus, the consequences of chronic pain grow increasingly dire with an aging population and necessitate improved strategies for management [1,9].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYarns, B. C., JACKSON, N. J., Alas, A., Melrose, R. J., Lumley, M. A., & Sultzer, D. L. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15842 · Cited by 60
Economic Costs of Chronic Pain—United States, 2021
Guy, G. P., Miller, G. F., Legha, J. K., Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Mikosz, C. A., & Florence, C. (2025) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000002181 · Cited by 47
Self-citationOpportunities and challenges of RiPP-based therapeutics
Pfeiffer, I. P.-M., Schröder, M.-P., & Mordhorst, S. (2024) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d3np00057e · Cited by 45
IUPHAR themed review: Opioid efficacy, bias, and selectivity
Ramos‐Gonzalez, N., Paul, B., & Majumdar, S. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106961 · Cited by 43
“Chronic pain affects millions of people, in fact, the CDC estimates that in 2021 20.9% of adults in the United States (U.S.) experienced chronic pain [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialLaRowe, L. R., Miaskowski, C. A., Miller, A., Mayfield, A., Keefe, F. J., Smith, A. K., Cooper, B. A., Wei, L. J., & Ritchie, C. S. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104614 · Cited by 39
Zeng, Y., Gong, C., Lu, G., Wu, J., Wan, X., Yang, Y., Ji, J., Zhang, J., Li, R., Sun, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41928-025-01374-6 · Cited by 35
The Role of Mechanosensitive Piezo Channels in Chronic Pain
Wan, Y., Zhou, J., & Li, H. (2024) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s490459 · Cited by 34
Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain
Oldfield, B. J., Gleeson, B., Morford, K. L., Adams, Z. M., Funaro, M. C., Becker, W. C., & Merlin, J. S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.34835 · Cited by 35
Butera, K. A., Chimenti, R. L., Alsouhibani, A., Berardi, G., Booker, S. Q., Knox, P. J., Post, A. A., Merriwether, E. N., Wilson, A. T., & Simon, C. B. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.351 · Cited by 28
Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuropathy
Espinoza, N., & Papadopoulos, V. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26073195 · Cited by 28
“As of 2021, 51.6 million people suffer from some form of chronic pain in the US, defined as pain lasting longer than three months [1].”
InfluentialFood insecurity is associated with chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain in the USA
Tamargo, J. A., Strath, L. J., Karanth, S. D., Spector, A. L., Sibille, K. T., Anton, S. D., & Cruz‐Almeida, Y. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980023002732 · Cited by 27
“The interaction between food insecurity and age may reflect that older adults in the USA are particularly vulnerable to severe food insecurity when living alone (16) , and that the prevalence of chronic pain, especially high-impact chronic pain, rises dramatically with age (3,21) .”
BackgroundInfluentialExamining the Relationship Between Chronic Pain and Mortality in U.S. Adults
Ray, B. M., Kelleran, K. J., Fodero, J. G., & Harvell-Bowman, L. A. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104620 · Cited by 24
Justice for Placebo: Placebo Effect in Clinical Trials and Everyday Practice
Knežević, N. N., Sič, A., Worobey, S. J., & Knezevic, E. (2025) · Medicines · doi:10.3390/medicines12010005 · Cited by 24
“Given the significant burden these areas place on individuals and the healthcare system as leading causes of disability, suicide, and medical expenses in the United States [26–28], exploring innovative approaches to address this persistent challenge is imperative.”
Care Models to Improve Pain and Reduce Opioids Among Patients Prescribed Long-Term Opioid Therapy
Krebs, E. E., Becker, W. C., Nelson, D. B., DeRonne, B., Jensen, A., Kats, A. M., Morasco, B. J., Frank, J. W., Makris, U. E., Allen, K. D., et al. (2024) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.6683 · Cited by 25
Cognitive impairments in chronic pain: a brain aging framework
Zhao, L., Zhang, L., Tang, Y., & Tu, Y. (2025) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.12.004 · Cited by 25
Bhondoekhan, F., Marshall, B. D. L., Shireman, T. I., Trivedi, A. N., Merlin, J. S., & Moyo, P. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33251 · Cited by 23
Zheng, Y., Liu, H., Chen, P., & Wang, X. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.015 · Cited by 22
Sex-Related Differences in Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review by a Multidisciplinary Task Force
Marchesini, M., Fornasari, D., Natoli, S., Vegni, E. A. M., & Cuomo, A. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61071172 · Cited by 24
Perceived Stress, Perceived Social Support, and Global Health in Adults with Chronic Pain
Castarlenas, E., Galán, S., Solé, E., Roy, R., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, E., Jensen, M. P., & Miró, J. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10250-6 · Cited by 31
Amidei, J., Nieto, R., Kaltenbrunner, A., Sá, J. G. F. D., Serrat, M., & Albajes, K. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/65903 · Cited by 19
“Chronic pain poses a widespread challenge, affecting more than 20% of the global population [1-4].”
Mindfulness vs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain Treated With Opioids
Zgierska, A. E., Edwards, R. R., Barrett, B. P., Burzinski, C. A., Jamison, R. N., Nakamura, Y., Henningfield, M. F., Tuan, W., Shen, C., Sehgal, N., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.3204 · Cited by 25
Assessing Risk Factors and Comorbidities in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review
Hebert, S. V., Green, M. A., Mashaw, S. A., Brouillette, W. D., Nguyen, A., Dufrene, K., Shelvan, A., Patil, S. S., Ahmadzadeh, S., Shekoohi, S., et al. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01249-z · Cited by 23
“Chronic pain, known as pain lasting ≥ 3 months, affects over 50 million Americans [1].”
Pritzlaff, S. G., Latif, U., Rosenow, J. M., Chae, J., Wilson, R. D., Huffman, W. J., Crosby, N. D., & Boggs, J. W. (2024) · Pain Management · doi:10.1080/17581869.2024.2352398 · Cited by 18
“…over 50 million A mericans will e xperience a substan tial nega tive influence on their well-being and productivity from chronic pain annually [ 8 ] and the rising incidence rate of chronic pain among Americans c ontribut es t o a g rowing ec o-nomic burden with estimated annual direct and…”
BackgroundMechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of GPX4 in Pain Modulation
Fan, S., Wang, K., Zhang, T., Deng, D., Shen, J., Zhao, B., Fu, D., & Chen, X. (2024) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-024-00673-8 · Cited by 19
Ayena, J. C., Bouayed, A., Arous, M. B., Ouakrim, Y., Loulou, K., Ameyed, D., Savard, I., Kamel, L. E., & Mezghani, N. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1581285 · Cited by 27
Tamargo, J. A., Strath, L. J., & Cruz‐Almeida, Y. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glae149 · Cited by 18
Clinical proof-of-concept results with a novel TRPA1 antagonist (LY3526318) in 3 chronic pain states
Lagarde, M. M. M., Wilbraham, D., Martins, R. F., Zhao, S., Jackson, K. A., Johnson, K. W., Knopp, K. L., DiBenedetto, D. J., & Broad, L. M. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003487 · Cited by 17
“33 Chronic pain affects the quality of life due to impaired physical functioning and poor mental health and contributes to substantial morbidity and economic burden due to medical costs, lost productivity, and disability.”
Bioelectronics for targeted pain management
Flavin, M. T., Foppiani, J., Paul, M. A., Alvarez, A. H., Foster, L., Gavlasova, D., Ma, H., Rogers, J. A., & Lin, S. J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44287-025-00177-3 · Cited by 18
Exaptation and Evolutionary Adaptation in Nociceptor Mechanisms Driving Persistent Pain
Walters, E. T. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000535552 · Cited by 16
Köşeli, E., Buzzi, B., Honaker, T., Rakholia, Y., Lewis, M., Gaines-Smith, M., Jaster, A. M., González‐Maeso, J., & Damaj, M. I. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107699 · Cited by 16
“In 2021, 20.9 % of adults reported that they experienced continuous pain for over a 90-day period [15].”
InfluentialSudin, A., Chong, C., & Hassan, R. (2023) · Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia · doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2023.11.014 · Cited by 15
Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Schmit, K. M., & Guy, G. P. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-2004 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRural-urban residence and life expectancies with and without pain
Sun, F., Zimmer, Z., & Brouard, N. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103305 · Cited by 16
Treatment Among Commercial and Medicaid-Insured Adults With Incident Chronic Pain Episodes
Bohm, M. K., Siwakoti, L., & Nahin, R. L. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104667 · Cited by 17
Balicki, P., Sołtysik, B. K., Borowiak, E., Kostka, T., & Kostka, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-00241-w · Cited by 15
“Along with disease-specific pain relationships the association of pain to activity limitations in older multimorbid population has gathered considerable concern 16 .”
Prunskis, J. V., Masys, T., Pyles, S., Abd-Elsayed, A. A., Deer, T. R., Beall, D. P., Gheith, R., Patel, S. A., Sayed, D., Moten, H., et al. (2025) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-025-01400-4 · Cited by 16
“The complexity of chronic pain arises from its multifactorial eti - ology involving a combination of anatomical, physiologi - cal, psychological, and social factors [1, 3].”
InfluentialAreias, A. C., Janela, D., Molinos, M., Moulder, R. G., Jr., Bento, V., Yanamadala, V., Cohen, S. P., Correia, F. D., & Costa, F. M. T. A. (2023) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/49673 · Cited by 14
“The threshold used to identify older adults is in accordance with age classifications established by the World Health Organization [31] and the US Census, while the threshold to differentiate young and middle-aged adults was based on previous reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [32,33].”
Hoffman, K. L., Milazzo, F., Williams, N., Samples, H., Olfson, M., Diaz, I. M., Doan, L., Cerdá, M., Crystal, S., & Rudolph, K. E. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172300332x · Cited by 14
Stocking, S. Q., Webb, C. K., Miller, G. H., Thomeer, M. B., Goodin, B. R., & Sorge, R. E. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104681 · Cited by 17
Weatherly, S., McKenna, T., Wahba, S., Friedman, A., Goltry, W. N., Wahid, T., Abourahma, H., Lee, K. S., Rehman, A., Odeh, A., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.72562 · Cited by 17
Choudry, E., Rofé, K. L., Konnyu, K. J., Marshall, B. D. L., Shireman, T. I., Merlin, J. S., Trivedi, A. N., Schmidt, C. T., Bhondoekhan, F., & Moyo, P. (2023) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igad085 · Cited by 14
“%) in adults with a disability (2).”
Courtney, R. E., Schadegg, M. J., Bolton, R. E., Smith, S., & Harden, S. M. (2023) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2023.09.010 · Cited by 15
Tabernacki, T., Gilbert, D., Rhodes, S., Scarberry, K. A., Pope, R., McNamara, M. A., Gupta, S., Banik, S., & Mishra, K. (2024) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.4725 · Cited by 13
“%) in the United States experienced chronic pain, referring to any condition in which aberrant pain lasts for three or more months (Rikard et al., 2023).”
Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: Clinical Outcomes, Adverse Effects and Legal Challenges
Sič, A., George, C., Gonzalez, D. F., Tseriotis, V., & Knežević, N. N. (2025) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint17090141 · Cited by 14
“It impacts around 1.5 billion people and increases in prevalence with age [1].”
InfluentialD'Souza, R. S., Her, Y. F., Morsi, M., Soleymani, H., Banks, D., Miclau, T. A., Ekhtiari, E., Cho, D. J., Prokop, L. J., & Hussain, N. (2025) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2025-107160 · Cited by 14
“Detailed search strategies are provided in online supplemental eTable 1.”
Clinical aspects of mastication myalgia—an overview
Barjandi, G., Svedenlöf, J., Jasim, H., Collin, M., Hedenberg‐Magnusson, B., Christidis, N., & Ernberg, M. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2023.1306475 · Cited by 12
Neba, R. A., Wang, H., Kolala, M. K., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2024) · Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity · doi:10.1177/26335565241237889 · Cited by 13
Azam, M. N. K., Biswas, P., Khandker, A., Tareq, M. M. I., Tauhida, S. J., Shishir, T. A., Bibi, S., Alam, M. A., Zilani, M. N. H., Albekairi, N. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2024.118695 · Cited by 15
Gut Microbiota: A Modulator and Therapeutic Target for Chronic Pain
Lou, L., Zhou, L., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04663-x · Cited by 13
“It also significantly impacts daily activities and work performance and is associated with an increased risk of dementia and suicide, resulting in a huge medical burden and loss of productivity [4].”
Sullivan, M. B., Hill, K., Ballengee, L. A., Knoblach, D., Fowler, C., Haun, J., & Saenger, M. (2023) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130231209751 · Cited by 10
Effects of Embodiment in Virtual Reality for Treatment of Chronic Pain: Pilot Open-Label Study
Saby, A., Alvarez, A., Smolins, D., Petros, J., Nguyen, L., Trujillo, M. S., & Aygün, O. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/34162 · Cited by 14
Kampan, S., Thong-on, K., & Sri‐on, J. (2024) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad255 · Cited by 11
“The prevalence of persistent pain in older adults rises from 30% in those aged 65–84 to 34% in those aged 85 or more [1].”
Association of Number of Comorbid Conditions and Pain among United States Adults
Axon, D. R., & Eckert, B. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12070147 · Cited by 13
“Pain lasting three months or longer affects the activities of daily living, ability to work, and quality of life for millions of United States (US) residents [2].”
BackgroundGeorge, S. Z., Allen, K. D., Álvarez, C., Arbeeva, L. S., Callahan, L. F., Nelson, A. E., Schwartz, T. A., & Golightly, Y. M. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104687 · Cited by 13
DiBlasi, E., Kaufman, E. A., Webster, S., Hagn, E. E., Shabalin, A. A., Chen, D., Han, S., Jawish, R., Monson, E. T., Staley, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-024-03794-1 · Cited by 12
“In the United States, estimates gathered in 2021 indicate that 20.9% of adults, or 51.6 million individuals, experienced CP, and 6.9%, or 17.1 million persons, had experienced what is termed high-impact chronic pain or CP that substantially restricts daily activities [12].”
InfluentialZajacova, A., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., & Nahin, R. L. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003764 · Cited by 17
“To date, only 2 brief government reports have provided pain prevalence estimates among US adults during this period—one during the pandemic 34 and one postpandemic.”
Yi, J., Yang, L., Widman, A. J., Toliver, A., Bertels, Z., Rosario, J. S. D., Dourson, A. J., Gupta, P., Kumar, R., Li, J.-N., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.25.645367 · Cited by 11
Pain Chronicity and Relief: From Molecular Basis to Exercise-Based Rehabilitation
Ni, W., Kuang, X., & Zhu, Z. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14091116 · Cited by 12
“Studies estimate that approximately 20.9% of U.S. adults experience chronic pain, with high-impact chronic pain affecting nearly 7% of individuals, severely restricting daily activities [2].”
InfluentialFrontline Perspectives on Buprenorphine for the Management of Chronic Pain
Adler, J. A., Mallick‐Searle, T., Garofoli, M., & Zimmerman, A. (2024) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s449748 · Cited by 10
“Treatment at the optimal dose continued for ≤48 weeks with a constant mean pain intensity score of 3–4, demonstrating the long-term efficacy of BBF. 20 All 3 studies found that BBF was well tolerated, with nausea being the adverse event reported most frequently and an adverse event discontinuation…”
BackgroundUnveiling the link between chronic pain and misuse of opioids and cannabis
Dagher, M., Alayoubi, M., Sigal, G. H., & Cahill, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02765-3 · Cited by 11
“%) experience chronic pain; 17.1 million of these individuals experience ‘high-impact’ chronic pain (pain that results in substantial restrictions to daily activities) (Rikard et al. 2023).”
InfluentialVentura, L., Santo, R. F. D. E., Keaser, M. L., Zhang, Y., Ro, J. Y., & Silva, J. T. D. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12092005 · Cited by 10
“Based on National Health Interview Survey data spanning 2019–2021, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimated a chronic pain prevalence of 20.9% among US adults (51.7 million), with females and older adults overrepresented in this number [1].”
MethodInfluentialGonadal Hormone Changes with Aging and Their Impact on Chronic Pain
Athnaiel, O., Davidson, N., Mangat, J. S., Nasr, N. F., & Knežević, N. N. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14020123 · Cited by 15
“According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), more than 30.8% of adults aged 65 or older live with chronic pain, which is a higher proportion than all other age groups [2].”
InfluentialGrant, A. R., Westhorp, G., Murray, C. M., de la Perrelle, L., Dettwiller, P. Y., Davey, A., Norrish, A., Walsh, S., Scinta, G., Karran, E. L., et al. (2025) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003482 · Cited by 11
Smith, D. M., Beyene, R., Kolm, P., Young, T. A., Zifa, S., Natividad, V., Licata, A. L., Podolsky, R. H., Moore, T., Walsh, R., et al. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.70154 · Cited by 10
Demographic variation in pain across 22 countries
Macchia, L., Okafor, C. N., Breedlove, T., Shiba, K., Piper, A., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00858-y · Cited by 10
Cervical Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Review
Krog, L., Maloney, J. A., Pew, S., Adeleye, O., Johnson, B. W., Glenn, B., Gill, B., Francio, V. T., Pagan-Rosado, R. D., Whitney, M. A., et al. (2023) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01200-8 · Cited by 11
Patient Motivation to Reduce or Discontinue Opioids for Chronic Pain
Crouch, T. B., Donovan, E. K., Smith, W. R., Barth, K. S., Becker, W. C., & Svikis, D. S. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001167 · Cited by 10
Lysetskyi, B., Kobyletskyi, O., Shchybovyk, D., Zubova, M., & Litvin, O. (2024) · Futurity Medicine. · doi:10.57125/fem.2024.03.30.05 · Cited by 9
Berwal, D., Brǎnişteanu, D. D. D., Glickman, M., Sagar, A., & Pilitsis, J. G. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156614 · Cited by 9
A Review of Remote Monitoring in Neuromodulation for Chronic Pain Management
Zhong, T., William, H. M., Jin, M. Y., & Abd-Elsayed, A. A. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01302-x · Cited by 10
“The most common locations for chronic pain are the back, hip, knee, and foot [4].”
Joo, J., Devkota, J., Stone, B. M., Dunn, K. E., Zipunnikov, V. M., Vandrey, R. G., Finan, P. H., & Thrul, J. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100784 · Cited by 9
Hellmann, S. S., Ekholm, O., Handberg, G., Petersen, P. L., Kurita, G. P., Sjøgren, P., Thygesen, L. C., & Vægter, H. B. (2025) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000001277 · Cited by 9
“Heterogeneity in measuring population-based graded chronic pain distribution in current evidence 1,4,6,11–14, 17, 18,21–23, 30, 31 , 33 hinders to some degree direct comparisons.”
Rogers, A. H., Smit, T., Bakhshaie, J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00590-x · Cited by 9
“Chronic pain, defined as pain persisting for at least 3 months, is a major public health problem impacting over 20% of adults (Rikard et al., 2023 ), and leads to significant economic burden (i.e. medical expenditures, missed work days) and functional impairment (Cohen et al., 2021; Lohan et al.,…”
Current Nonopioid Small Molecule Approaches Toward the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Cioffi, C. L., Lotsaris, I., Chater, R. C., Pati, T. K., Suleria, K., Mahesh, G., Singh, S., Peiser-Oliver, J., Mohammadi, S. A., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c01126 · Cited by 9
Spector, A. L., Quinn, K. G., Wang, I., Gliedt, J. A., Fillingim, R. B., & Cruz‐Almeida, Y. (2023) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470231208281 · Cited by 9
Mauro, G. D., Sevel, L. S., Boissoneault, J., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25341 · Cited by 9
Rosendo, L. M., Rosado, T., Zandonai, T., Rincon, K., Peiró, A. M., Barroso, M., & Gallardo, E. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25115925 · Cited by 10
Sex and gender differences in pain perception and management in clinical settings
Morgan, J., Magwood, K., Smith, J., Jenkins, M., McGregor, A. J., & Quesnelle, K. M. (2024) · All Life · doi:10.1080/26895293.2024.2367421 · Cited by 15
Huntsman, D. D., & Bulaj, G. W. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22020225 · Cited by 11
“For example, among US adults, 51.6 million experience chronic pain (2021 data [2]), 47 million have been diagnosed with depression (2020 data [3]), 40 million have migraine (2018 data [4]) and 16.9 million have anxiety (2018 data [5]).”
InfluentialYang, S., Wang, H., Tao, Y., Tian, J., Wen, Z., Cao, J., Zhang, W., Peng, S., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105784 · Cited by 10
Khodir, S. A., Sweed, E. M., El-Haroun, H., Abd-el-Hamid, T., Derbaly, S. A. E., Mahmoud, A. R., & Motawea, S. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07209-w · Cited by 10
“It’s characterized by an aberrant and non-protective response 31 .”
Phenotyping Chronic Pain and Neuropathic Pain in Population Studies
Liang, I. J., Senaratne, D. N. S., & Smith, B. H. (2025) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.70146 · Cited by 8
“• Rikard et al. (2023) used a subsection of the National Health Interview Survey in the United States that sought to define chronic pain as pain on ‘most days or every day’ (rather than ‘never or some days’) during the previous 3 months.”
Medical Cannabis and Opioid Receipt Among Adults With Chronic Pain
Slawek, D. E., Zhang, C., Dahmer, S., Sohler, N., Zolotov, Y., Starrels, J. L., Deng, Y., DiFrancesca, G. C., LEVIN, F. R., Ross, J., et al. (2025) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.6496 · Cited by 9
Oxytocin Modulation in Mindfulness-Based Pain Management for Chronic Pain
Aygün, O., Mohr, E., Duff, C., Matthew, S., & Schoenberg, P. L. A. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14020253 · Cited by 11
“Chronic pain, defined as the experience of pain on a scale of 3/10 in severity for more than 3-months, presents a significant healthcare challenge, impacting around 20% of European and American populations [1–3].”
BackgroundImaging of pain using positron emission tomography
Zhou, Y., Zhang, L. L., Sun, Y., & Brugarolas, P. (2024) · iRadiology · doi:10.1002/ird3.73 · Cited by 7
Pain Phenotypes and Pain Multimorbidity Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Cerebral Palsy
Peterson, M. D., Ashbaugh, K., O’Leary, M., Schmidt, M. M., Haapala, H. J., Kamdar, N. S., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2024) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.2443 · Cited by 7
Mazurenko, O., O’Brien, E., Beug, A., Smith, S. M., & McCarthy, C. (2024) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.14118 · Cited by 7
Rubenstein, D., Green, M. J., Sweitzer, M., Keefe, F., & McClernon, F. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003381 · Cited by 6
Wu, P., Chen, X.-X., Wang, S., Chen, X.-X., & Liu, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119630 · Cited by 9
MicroRNA-Based Delivery Systems for Chronic Neuropathic Pain Treatment in Dorsal Root Ganglion
Jackson, S., Gigliobianco, M. R., Casadidio, C., Martino, P. D., & Censi, R. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17070930 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, around 20–25% of the global population experiences chronic pain, and 20% of adults in Western countries report it as a major health concern [2–6].”
Laigaard, J., Aljuboori, S. M. S., Nikolajsen, L., Mathiesen, O., Lunn, T. H., & Overgaard, S. (2025) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2025.09.057 · Cited by 7
McMullan, J. T., Droege, C. A., Chard, K. M., Otten, E. J., Hart, K. W., Lindsell, C. J., & Strilka, R. J. (2024) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2024.04.018 · Cited by 7
Rhudy, J. L., Kell, P. A., Brown, T. V., Ventresca, H. M., Vore, C. N., Trevino, K. N., Jones, B. W., Lowe, T. S., & Shadlow, J. O. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003442 · Cited by 7
Ciacchini, R., Conversano, C., Orrù, G., Scafuto, F., Sabbatini, S., Paroli, M., Miniati, M., Matiz, A., Gemignani, A., & Crescentini, C. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21111507 · Cited by 7
“According to recent research spanning from 2019 to 2021, the prevalence of CP among U.S. adults peaked at 21.8%, with high-impact CP accounting for 7.8% [69].”
InfluentialWooden, S. (2024) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2024.04.008 · Cited by 7
Neurosurgical Intervention for Nerve and Muscle Biopsies
Mohamed, A. A., Caussat, T., Mouhawasse, E., Ali, R., Johansen, P. M., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14111169 · Cited by 6
“Chronic pain affects 20.9% of all adults in the United States, [1] reduced muscle strength is reported by 18% of those 60 years and above and 53% of those 80 and above, [2] and peripheral neuropathy, a common cause of numbness and paresthesia, affects over 14.5 million Americans [3].”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Schmit, K. M., & Guy, G. P.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rikard, S. Michaela
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2023-04-14
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 379-385
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC10121254
- OpenAlex
- W4365442769
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 144 · 2025: 265 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 35
- FWCI
- 91.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- chronic pain, high-impact chronic pain, prevalence, adults, health disparities, American Indian and Alaska Native adults, bisexuals, marital status, socioeconomic status, pain management, National Health Interview Survey, health equity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Health Status, Humans, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, American Indian or Alaska Native, Chronic Pain, Pain Management
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
