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Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2019–2021
Open accessAbstract
Chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting ≥3 months) is a debilitating condition that affects daily work and life activities for many adults in the United States and has been linked with depression (1), Alzheimer disease and related dementias (2), higher suicide risk (3), and substance use and misuse (4).During 2016, an estimated 50 million adults in the United States experienced chronic pain, resulting in substantial health care costs and lost productivity (5,6).Addressing chronic pain and improving the lives of persons living with pain is a public health imperative.Population research objectives in the National Pain Strategy, which was released in 2016 by the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee, call for more precise estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain (i.e., chronic pain that results in substantial restriction to daily activities) in the general population and within various population groups to guide efforts to reduce the impact of chronic pain (3).Further, a 2022 review of U.S. chronic pain surveillance systems identified the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) as the best source for pain surveillance data (7).CDC analyzed data from the 2019-2021 NHIS to provide updated estimates of the prevalence of chronic pain and highimpact chronic pain among adults in the United States and within population groups defined by demographic, geographic, socioeconomic, and health status characteristics.During 2021, an estimated 20.9% of U.S. adults (51.6 million persons) experienced chronic pain, and 6.9% (17.1 million persons) experienced high-impact chronic pain.New findings from this analysis include that non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) adults, adults identifying as bisexual, and adults who are divorced or separated are among the populations experiencing a higher prevalence of chronic pain and highimpact chronic pain.Clinicians, practices, health systems, and payers should vigilantly attend to health inequities and ensure access to appropriate, affordable, diversified, coordinated, and effective pain management care for all persons (8).NHIS is a cross-sectional, household survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population conducted annually by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).*Data were analyzed using the 2019-2021 Sample Adult Interviews.† Survey questions used to estimate the prevalence of pain included, "In the past three months, how often did you have pain?Would you say never, some days, most days, or every day?" and "Over the past three months, how often did your pain limit your life or work activities?Would you say never, some days, most days, INSIDE 386 Secondary Cases of Invasive Disease Caused by Encapsulated and Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae -10 U.S. Jurisdictions, 2011-2018 391 Update on Wild Poliovirus Type 1 Outbreak -Southeastern Africa, 2021-2022 398 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mpox Cases and Vaccination Among Adult Males -United States, May-December 2022 404 Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Mpox-Associated Deaths -United States, May 10, 2022-March 7, 2023 411 Notes From the Field: Campylobacteriosis Outbreak Associated with Consumption of Raw Water -Montana, 2022 414 QuickStats
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“In the US, 30.1% of those with HICP are employed 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“The mean age of the PATH participants (49.8 years) is also typical of the HICP population in the US (low 50s). 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Chronic pain is one of the most common chronic conditions in the United States based on multiple prevalence studies 1 with the most recent national estimate at 20.9% of US adults. 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“The employment status, however, is not typical. In the US, 30.1% of those with HICP are employed 2 while 50% of the PATH participants are employed full-time, and 17% are employed part-time.”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“67% of the participants were employed at least part-time vs only 30.1% of those with HICP in the US are employed. 2”
From Overview and Feasibility of a Novel Transdisciplinary Integrative Approach to High Impact Chronic Pain in Vermont (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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Citations
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Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults — United States, 2016
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ASPECTOS NEUROFISIOLÓGICOS DA ACUPUNTURA NA ANALGESIA– REVISÃO NARRATIVA
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“Chronic pain is a prevalent condition; estimates of its prevalence vary in the literature (due to different definitions and study designs) from 25 million United States (US) adults in 2012 [2], 50 million US adults in both 2016 [3] and 2019 [4], and 51 million US adults in 2021 [5], and it contributes to frequent heal…”
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Chronic Pain and Comorbid Depression: A Narrative Review
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Introduction to Neuromodulation-Based Therapies for Chronic Pain
Wu, W. (2024) · Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1329.2024.01001
(2024) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826180735.0001
Imagery, self-efficacy and chronic pain
Ross-Stewart, L., & Miles, L. (2024) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.1515/jirspa-2024-0014 · Cited by 1
Chen, W., Tariq, F., Ashraf, K. H., Norregaard, T., Youkilis, A., Kundu, B., & Siddiq, F. (2024) · PubMed Central
Longitudinal Pain Management Claims in Maryland
Zangaro, G. A., Howie, W. O., McMullen, P. C., & Howie, B. A. (2024) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2024.04.005
Ciorli, M., Braga, A., Lattuada, C., Cappuccio, A., & Marini, M. G. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.60133
Hu, J., & Kang, J. (2024) · Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1136/ebnurs-2024-104091
Prevalence of Chronic Pain by Immigration Status and Latino Ethnicity
Stimpson, J. P., Park, S., Rivera‐González, A. C., Wilson, F. A., & Ortega, A. N. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02056-3
“First, we excluded persons 65 years and older to ensure the results were not driven by the inclusion of older persons that might be more likely to have unmeasured conditions associated with chronic pain [1–4].”
InfluentialDionicio, P., Gonzalez, E., Menendez, T., Barragan, N. C., Mendoza, C., Kuo, T., & Robles, B. (2024) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2023.0561
Orbeck, K., & Ullah, I. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Community Medicine · doi:10.33545/comed.2024.v7.i3a.318
Barrett, J. E., & Terry, A. V. (2024) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107339
Emerging roles of the G-protein-coupled receptor 37 in neurological diseases and pain
Wang, X., Ju, J., Xie, Y., & Hang, L. (2024) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.032
Impact of the pandemic on hospital care for chronic pain patients in Germany
Cegla, T. H., Hohenstein, S., Bollmann, A., Pellissier, V., Bencheva, V., & Schmiedl, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1393855
Larsen, P. D. (2024) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1097/rnj.0000000000000475
Jones, L. K. (2024) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001516
Boot, W. R., Dilanchian, A. T., Kalantari, S., & Czaja, S. J. (2024) · Synthesis lectures on technology and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69220-8_8
Editorial: Chronic pain: what is the mechanism?
Adams, J. D., Jr., Hsieh, C., & Gualdani, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1496510
Four-Week Outcomes of Transforaminal Epidural Injections in Patients With Lumbar Radicular Pain
Bokhari, S. H. R., Awais, M. Z., & Iqbal, M. T. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.75929
Neuromodulation and Its Impact on Disability Due to Chronic Pain
Dabboucy, B., & Prud’homme, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-40858-8_273-1
Trends in Pain Care for Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain Between 2012 and 2021
Candon, M. K., Sutherland, T. N., Solorzano, S. S., Mandell, D. S., & Cheatle, M. D. (2025) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-09198-4
Velho, G., de Araujo, F. X., da Silva, C. V., Machado, J. C., da Silva, F. C., Hoegh, M., & Silva, M. F. (2025) · International journal of osteopathic medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ijosm.2025.100751
Virtual Reality and Chronic Pain
Canieso, D., & Perez, J. M. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394278480.ch15
Do Physical Activities Prevent the Occurrence of Bothersome Pain?
Liu, B., Chen, Y., Mazumdar, M., Aldridge, M., Morrison, R. S., & Li, L. (2025) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251313883
“%) regardless of age (Rikard et al., 2023).”
InfluentialFirima, E., Fernández, L. G., Manthabiseng, M., Sematle, M. P., Bane, M., Khomolishoele, M., Lee, T. T., Chammartin, F., Gupta, R., McCrosky, S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5819163/v1
Factors associated with patient no‐show rates in an academic pain management practice
Burshtein, A. L., & Shekane, P. (2025) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.70003
A realist review of rural pain management: comprehensive and practical
Donato, M. F. D. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003483
An Integrated Medical and Psychological Approach to Understanding and Assessing Chronic Pain
Mailis, A., Assimakopoulos, D., Lakha, S. F., & Hapidou, E. G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69734-0_21 · Cited by 1
Pain Management for Patients With Opioid Use Disorders
Lyden, A., & Neu, R. (2025) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000001090
“Subacute pain is defined as pain present for 1–3 months and may evolve into chronic pain, classified as pain lasting >3 months (Banerjee & Argáez, 2019; Rikard et al., 2023).”
Ceïde, M. E. (2025) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2025.02.002
Metadata
- Authors
- Rikard, S. M., Strahan, A. E., Schmit, K. M., & Guy, G. P.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rikard, S. Michaela
- Venue
- MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- Published
- 2023-04-14
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 379-385
- ISSN
- 0149-2195 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-861X
- PMC
- PMC10121254
- OpenAlex
- W4365442769
- Cited by
- 588
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 144 · 2025: 265 · 2024: 143 · 2023: 35
- FWCI
- 91.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Keywords
- chronic pain, high-impact chronic pain, prevalence, adults, health disparities, American Indian and Alaska Native adults, bisexuals, marital status, socioeconomic status, pain management, National Health Interview Survey, health equity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Health Status, Humans, Population Surveillance, United States, Prevalence, American Indian or Alaska Native, Chronic Pain, Pain Management
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