Cited by 205Immune Response and InflammationImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesImmunotoxicology and immune responses

The pharmacokinetics of Toll-like receptor agonists and the impact on the immune system

Open access
Engel, Abbi L, Holt, Gregory E, Lu, Hailing·2011·Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology

Abstract

Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation activates both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and plays an important role in antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Therefore, a significant amount of effort has been devoted to exploit the therapeutic potential of TLR agonists. Depending on the therapeutic purpose, either as adjuvants to vaccine, chemotherapy or standalone therapy, TLR agonists have been administered via different routes. Both preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that the route of administration has significant effects on pharmacokinetics, and that understanding these effects is critical to the success of TLR agonist drug development. This article will summarize the pharmacokinetics of TLR agonists with different administration routes, with an emphasis on clinical studies of TLR ligands in oncologic applications.

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Crossref · 10.1586/ecp.11.5

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  • The connection density of the network model (27.3%) is in line with reported estimates of connectivity in protein signaling networks.

    “The connection density of our network model (27.3%) is in line with reported estimates of connectivity in protein signaling networks46.”

    From Leveraging Prior Knowledge of Endocrine Immune Regulation in the Therapeutically-relevant Phenotyping of Women with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as [46]

    The passages on TLR agonist pharmacokinetics and targeted delivery (Systemic administration of TLR agonists; no page provided) do not discuss protein-signaling network connectivity. Searches for “connection density 27.3%” and “connectivity network model” found no estimate against which to compare the citing authors’ model. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [82]3M provides update on IRM pharmaceutical platform: Lilly and 3M suspend resiquimod trials 24 February 2003 3M Pharmaceuticals Press Release

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Authors
Engel, A. L., Holt, G. E., & Lu, H.
Affiliations
  • Bastyr University (US)
  • University of Miami (US)
  • University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author
Lu, Hailing
Venue
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
Published
2011-03
Volume
4
Issue
2
Pages
275-289
ISSN
  • 1751-2433 (ISSN-L)
  • 1751-2441
OpenAlex
W2088599017
Cited by
205
References
121
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8
FWCI
0.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P30HL101321)
  • National Cancer Institute (R01CA138547)
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (T32AT000815)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
Keywords
TLR agonists, pharmacokinetics, route of administration, vaccine adjuvants, cancer immunotherapy, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, antiviral immunity, antitumor immunity, clinical pharmacology
MeSH terms
Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Immune System, Ligands, Signal Transduction, Drug Delivery Systems, Toll-Like Receptors

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