Randomized clinical trials of dental bleaching – Compliance with the CONSORT Statement: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
We reviewed the literature to evaluate: a) The compliance of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on bleaching with the CONSORT; and b) the risk of bias of these studies using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool (CCRT). We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed and other electronic databases, to find RCTs focused on bleaching (or whitening). The articles were evaluated in compliance with CONSORT in a scale: 0 = no description, 1 = poor description and 2 = adequate description. Descriptive analyses of the number of studies by journal, follow-up period, country and quality assessments were performed with CCRT for assessing risk of bias in RCTs. 185 RCTs were included for assessment. More than 30% of the studies received score 0 or 1. Protocol, flow chart, allocation concealment and sample size were more critical items, as 80% of the studies scored 0. The overall CONSORT score for the included studies was 16.7 ± 5.4 points, which represents 52.2% of the maximum CONSORT score. A significant difference among journal, country and period of time was observed (p < 0.02). Only 7.6% of the studies were judged at "low" risk; 62.1% were classified as "unclear"; and 30.3% as "high" risk of bias. The adherence of RCTs evaluating bleaching materials and techniques to the CONSORT is still low with unclear/high risk of bias.
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The evaluation of compliance with the CONSORT statement was performed using a previously validated tool.
“The evaluation of compliance with the CONSORT statement was performed using a previously validated tool that has been applied in other studies (Loguercio et al. 2017; Reis et al. 2018).”
From Adherence to the CONSORT statement of randomized clinical trials on dentin hypersensitivity treatment using mouthwashes (2025) · cites this paper as Loguercio et al. 2017
In ‘Adherence to CONSORT statement’ (page unavailable), the paper says it developed and used a CONSORT evaluation tool. It reports pilot-testing the tool and checking its accuracy and reproducibility before evaluation, but does not describe it as a previously validated tool. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome published studies have shown lower adherence to the CONSORT guidelines.
“Some published studies have, however, shown lower adherence to the CONSORT guidelines (Loguercio et al. 2017; Menne et al. 2022; Knippschild et al. 2021; Rezende et al. 2022; Flint and Harrison 2010).”
From Adherence to the CONSORT statement of randomized clinical trials on dentin hypersensitivity treatment using mouthwashes (2025) · cites this paper as Loguercio et al. 2017
Variations in adherence may be due to methodological choices made by authors when analyzing CONSORT adherence, such as criteria for selecting RCTs, method of conformity assessment, or publication period.
“These variations may be due to methodological choices made by authors when analyzing CONSORT adherence, such as the criteria used for selecting RCTs, the method of conformity assessment, or the publication period (Loguercio et al. 2017).”
From Adherence to the CONSORT statement of randomized clinical trials on dentin hypersensitivity treatment using mouthwashes (2025) · cites this paper as Loguercio et al. 2017
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Gomes RS, Souza FBd, Lacerda CM, Brambilla CFF, Pascotto RC. Avaliação clínica da eficiência do uso do sistema LED-laser, LED e luz halógena na ativação do agente clareador em dentes vitalizados. Rev Dental Press Estét. 2008;5(2):62-77.
- Reis A, Wambier L, Schroeder M. Compliance of randomized clinical trials in non-carious cervical lesions with the CONSORT Statement: a methodology systematic review. Oper Dent. 2017.
- SCImago. SJR: SCImago journal & country rank. 2015[acess 2017 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.scimagojr.com
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Veloso, S., Lemos, C., de Moraes, S. D., Vasconcelos, B. C. D. E., Pellizzer, E., & Monteiro, G. Q. D. M. (2018) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2429-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Maran, B. M., Burey, A., de Paris Matos, T., Loguercio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2017.11.007 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationCONSORT endorsement improves the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials in dentistry
Sarkis-Onofre, R., Poletto-Neto, V., Cenci, M. S., Moher, D., & Pereira-Cenci, T. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.01.020 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Widbiller, M., Knüttel, H., Meschi, N., & Durán‐Sindreu, F. (2022) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13784 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cardenas, A. F. M., Maran, B. M., Araújo, L. C. R., Siqueira, F., Wambier, L. M., Gonzaga, C. C., Loguércio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2019) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-019-03042-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationMartini, E. C., Favoreto, M. W., Rezende, M., de Geus, J. L., Loguércio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2021) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-021-03994-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationScientific trends in clinical trials on tooth bleaching: A bibliometric and altmetric review
Rocha, A. D. O., Favoreto, M. W., dos Anjos, L. M., Henriques, B. A. P. D. C., Loguércio, A. D., Reis, A., & Cardoso, M. (2024) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105550 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical decision-making in tooth bleaching based on current evidence: A narrative review
Kury, M., Prunes, B. B., Saraceni, C. H. C., Hilgert, L. A., Fronza, B. M., & Lima, A. F. (2025) · Dental Materials · doi:10.1016/j.dental.2025.03.002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Elagami, R. A., Reis, T. M., Hassan, M. A., Tedesco, T. K., Braga, M. M., Mendes, F. M., Cenci, M. S., Huysmans, M.-C., & Raggio, D. P. (2024) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-04417-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Isiordia‐Espinoza, M. A., Bologna‐Molina, R. E., Hernández-Miramontes, Y. A., Zapata‐Morales, J. R., Alonso‐Castro, Á. J., Martínez-Morales, F., Sánchez‐Enríquez, S., Serafín‐Higuera, N., Cortez, G. P., & la Torre, L. F. (2018) · Drug Research · doi:10.1055/a-0637-8948 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ortiz, M. I. G., Ribeiro, M. E. S., Lima, D. A. N. L., Silva, C. M., Loretto, S. C., & Souza, M. H. S. E. (2021) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101542 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Does the Use of Reservoirs Have Any Impact on the Efficacy of At-Home Bleaching? A Systematic Review
Martini, E. C., Parreiras, S. O., Navarro, E. D. A., Loguércio, A. D., & Reis, A. (2019) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440201902422 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRezende, M., Martins, A. C. R., da Silva, J. A., Reis, A., & de Geus, J. L. (2022) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04198-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSponchiado-Júnior, E. C., Vieira, W. D. A., Frozoni, M., Herkrath, F. J., & de-Jesus-Soares, A. (2021) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.07.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Banana Peels on Dental Bleaching: An in Vitro Study
Alrabiah, A., Albalawi, F. I., Aljazea, S. A., Barri, R. M. A., Alquraishi, S. I., Alharthi, A., Barri, A. M. A., Alanazi, M., & Alqahtani, A. A. (2024) · Annals of dental specialty · doi:10.51847/wr7ti8b3yo · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Münchow, E. A., Távora, W. S., de Oliveira, H. T., & Machado, L. S. (2024) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105459 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, W.-J., Li, X., Chen, Z.-J., Hao, W., Yao, P.-F., Li, M., Liu, K.-M., Hu, H., Wang, S.-P., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Journal of Ginseng Research · doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wambier, L. M., Gonçalves, A. D. R., Wambier, D. S., Reis, A., & Chibinski, A. C. R. (2022) · Brazilian Oral Research · doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAnagnostaki, E., Mylona, V., Parker, S. P. A., Cronshaw, M., & Grootveld, M. C. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app132212459 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Quality Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials of Rhodiola Species: A Systematic Review
Li, X., Chen, W., Xu, Y.-Q., Liang, Z., Hu, H., Wang, S., & Wang, Y. (2021) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/9989546 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tulka, S., Knippschild, S., Funck, S., Goetjes, I., Uluk, Y., & Baulig, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252640 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
dos Santos, A. P. P., Raggio, D. P., & Nadanovsky, P. (2020) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.12736 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Limones, Á., Viñuela, A. C., Rubio, M. R., Castillo-Oyagüe, R., Gómez‐Polo, M., & de Parga, J. A. M. V. (2022) · Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.04.022 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Bachelet, V. C., Carrasco, V. A., Bravo‐Córdova, F., Díaz, R. A., Lizana, F. J., Meza‐Ducaud, N., Hernandez, H. P., Uribe, F. A., Vergara, A. F., Julio Villanueva, M., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036148 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Compliance of RCTs in endodontic instrumentation with the CONSORT Statement: A systematic review
Cabral, K. A., Martins, A. C. R., Wambier, L. M., Vivacqua-Gomes, N., Rezende, M., Reis, A., & Geus, J. L. D. (2021) · Research, Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17350 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“However, significant differences among the publication period were observed with a higher average CONSORT score in the most recent, in agreement with earlier systematic reviews (Loguercio et al. 2017, Reis et al. 2018).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBachelet, V. C., Navarrete, M. S., Barrera-Riquelme, C., Carrasco, V. A., Dallaserra, M., Díaz, R., Ibarra, Á. A., Lizana, F. J., Meza-Ducaud, N., Saavedra, M. G., et al. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01337-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Report Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials in Rehabilitation
Fujimoto, S., Komukai, K., Mitsutake, S., Sugita, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2018) · Rigakuryoho Kagaku · doi:10.1589/rika.33.507 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neto, L. T., Wambier, L. M., & Chibinski, A. C. R. (2025) · The Saudi Dental Journal · doi:10.1007/s44445-025-00017-y
“The evaluation of compliance with the CONSORT statement was performed using a previously validated tool that has been applied in other studies (Loguercio et al. 2017; Reis et al. 2018).”
Knippschild, S., Krummenauer, F., Hahn, U., Geis, B., Tulka, S., & Baulig, C. (2019) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-0898-3773
CONSORT adherence and risk of bias in Randomised Controlled Trials reports on deep caries managementPreprint
Elagami, R. A., Reis, T. M., Hassan, A. M., Tedesco, T. K., Braga, M. M., Mendes, F. M., Cenci, M. S., Huysmans, M. C. D. N. J. M., & Raggio, D. P. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3956349/v1
Evidências clínicas da laserterapia nos distúrbios orais: uma revisão sistemática
da Silva, T. F., de Paula, D., Matnei, S. M., & Traiano, A. P. P. V. (2024) · Peer Review · doi:10.53660/prw-1858-3511
An In Vitro Investigation into the Influence of Banana Peels on Dental Bleaching
Yudhit, A., Harahap, S. A., Yushelia, Y., & Permatasari, E. M. S. (2024) · Turkish journal of Dental Hygiene · doi:10.51847/rpkbv2cjxx
Clinical myths in dental bleaching: an evidence-based structured narrative review
Reis, A., Maran, B. M., Cordeiro, D. C. F., Barbosa, L. M. M., Terra, R. M. O., Loguércio, A. D., & Favoreto, M. W. (2026) · Brazilian Oral Research · doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2026.vol40suppl1062
Self-citation
- Authors
- LOGUERCIO, A. D., MARAN, B. M., HANZEN, T. A., PAULA, A. M. D., PERDIGÃO, J., & REIS, A.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (BR)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Brazilian Oral Research
- Publisher
- FapUNIFESP (SciELO)
- Published
- 2017-08-28
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- suppl 1
- Pages
- e60-e60
- ISSN
- 1517-7491 (ISSN-L)
- 1806-8324
- OpenAlex
- W2749572431
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 234
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Brazilian Oral Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (304104/2013-9, 305,588/2014-1, 2013-9, 2014-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental Erosion and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- tooth bleaching, CONSORT statement, reporting quality, risk of bias, allocation concealment, protocol registration, flowcharts, sample size, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Dental Bonding, Humans, Research Design, Risk Factors, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Publication Bias, Risk Assessment, Guideline Adherence
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