Contrastive Learning Reduces Hallucination in Conversations
Open accessAbstract
Pre-trained language models (LMs) store knowledge in their parameters and can generate informative responses when used in conversational systems. However, LMs suffer from the problem of “hallucination:” they may generate plausible-looking statements that are irrelevant or factually incorrect. To address this problem, we propose a contrastive learning scheme, named MixCL. A novel mixed contrastive objective is proposed to explicitly optimize the implicit knowledge elicitation process of LMs, and thus reduce their hallucination in conversations. We also examine negative sampling strategies of retrieved hard negatives and model-generated negatives. We conduct experiments on Wizard-of-Wikipedia, a public, open-domain knowledge-grounded dialogue benchmark, and assess the effectiveness of MixCL. MixCL effectively reduces the hallucination of LMs in conversations and achieves the highest performance among LM-based dialogue agents in terms of relevancy and factuality. We show that MixCL achieves comparable performance to state-of-the-art KB-based approaches while enjoying notable advantages in terms of efficiency and scalability.
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Large language models are prone to generate hallucinated content that conflicts with the source or cannot be verified by factual knowledge.
“Large language models (LLMs), such as Chat-GPT, are prone to generate hallucinations, i.e., content that conflicts with the source or cannot be verified by the factual knowledge.”
From HaluEval: A Large-Scale Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models (2023) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2023
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Towards Faithful Dialogues via Focus Learning
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A Survey of Hallucination in Large Language Models
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Answering Ambiguous Questions via Iterative Prompting
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- Authors
- Sun, W., Shi, Z., Gao, S., Ren, P., De Rijke, M., & Ren, Z.
- Affiliations
- Shandong University (CN)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
- Published
- 2023-06-26
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 13618-13626
- ISSN
- 2159-5399 (ISSN-L)
- 2374-3468
- OpenAlex
- W4382202847
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 11
- FWCI
- 12.23
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61972234, 61902219, 62102234, 62272274, 62202271, 62072279)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QF129)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Multimodal Machine Learning Applications
- Keywords
- contrastive learning, hallucination mitigation, pre-trained language models, chatbots, knowledge-grounded dialogue, negative sampling, hard negatives, factuality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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