Kinases and protein phosphorylation as regulators of steroid hormone action

Weigel, Nancy L.; Moore, Nicole L.

doi:10.1621/nrs.05005

Cited by 72Estrogen and related hormone effectsReceptor Mechanisms and SignalingGenomics and Chromatin Dynamics

Kinases and protein phosphorylation as regulators of steroid hormone action

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Weigel, Nancy L., Moore, Nicole L.·2007·Nuclear Receptor Signaling

DOI 10.1621/nrs.05005PMC PMC1876600

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Abstract

Although the primary signal for the activation of steroid hormone receptors is binding of hormone, there is increasing evidence that the activities of cell signaling pathways and the phosphorylation status of these transcription factors and their coregulators determine the overall response to the hormone. In some cases, enhanced cell signaling is sufficient to cause activation of receptors in medium depleted of steroids. Steroid receptors are targets for multiple kinases. Many of the phosphorylation sites contain Ser/Thr-Pro motifs implicating proline-directed kinases such as the cyclin-dependent kinases and the mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK) in receptor phosphorylation. Although some sites are constitutively phosphorylated, others are phosphorylated in response to hormone. Still others are only phosphorylated in response to specific cell signaling pathways. Phosphorylation of specific sites has been implicated not only in overall transcriptional activity, but also in nuclear localization, protein stability, and DNA binding. The studies of the roles of phosphorylation in coregulator function are more limited, but it is now well established that many of them are highly phosphorylated and that phosphorylation regulates their function. There is good evidence that some of the phosphorylation sites in the receptors and coregulators are targets of multiple signaling pathways. Individual sites have been associated both with functions that enhance the activity of the receptor, as well as with functions that inhibit activity. Thus, the specific combinations of phosphorylations of the steroid receptor combined with the expression levels and phosphorylation status of coregulators will determine the genes regulated and the biological response.

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Animal steroid hormones exert their actions via binding to their intracellular nuclear receptors.
“Animal steroid hormones are known exert their actions via binding to their intracellular nuclear receptors [7], for example, estrogen binds to its nuclear estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ [8], androgens bind to androgen receptors (AR) [9], and glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors [10].”
From G protein-coupled receptors function as cell membrane receptors for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (2020) · cites this paper as [7]

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Authors: Weigel, N. L., & Moore, N. L.
Affiliations: Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Weigel, Nancy L.
ORCID: Moore, Nicole L.
Venue: Nuclear Receptor Signaling
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2007-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: e005-e005
ISSN: 1550-7629 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1621/nrs.05005
PMC: PMC1876600
OpenAlex: W1987431548
Cited by: 72
References: 124
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 0.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Nuclear Receptor Signaling (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01-CA57539, R01CA057539)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Keywords: steroid hormone receptors, protein phosphorylation, kinases, coregulators, cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase, proline-directed phosphorylation, transcriptional regulation, nuclear localization, protein stability, DNA binding, signaling pathways
MeSH terms: Cell Nucleus, Feedback, Models, Biological, Nuclear Proteins, Phosphorylation, Phosphotransferases, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

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Kinases and protein phosphorylation as regulators of steroid hormone action

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