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Cited by 242Plant Pathogens and Fungal DiseasesPlant Disease Resistance and GeneticsFungal Plant Pathogen Control

Chilli anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species

Open access
Than, Po Po, Prihastuti, Haryudian, Phoulivong, Sitthisack, Taylor, Paul W. J., Hyde, Kevin D.·2008·Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B
DOI 10.1631/jzus.b0860007PMC PMC2565739
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Abstract

Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Accurate taxonomic information is necessary for effective disease control management. In the Colletotrichum patho-system, different Colletotrichum species can be associated with anthracnose of the same host. Little information is known concerning the interactions of the species associated with the chilli anthracnose although several Colletotrichum species have been reported as causal agents of chilli anthracnose disease worldwide. The ambiguous taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species has resulted in inaccurate identification which may cause practical problems in plant breeding and disease management. Although the management and control of anthracnose disease are still being extensively researched, commercial cultivars of Capsicum annuum that are resistant to the pathogens that cause chilli anthracnose have not yet been developed. This paper reviews the causal agents of chilli anthracnose, the disease cycle, conventional methods in identification of the pathogen and molecular approaches that have been used for the identification of Colletotrichum species. Pathogenetic variation and population structure of the causal agents of chilli anthracnose along with the current taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species are discussed. Future developments leading to the disease management strategies are suggested.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review examines chilli anthracnose caused by multiple *Colletotrichum* species, covering causal agents, disease cycle, identification methods, pathogenic variation, population structure, and management. It stresses that taxonomic confusion and the absence of durable resistant commercial *Capsicum annuum* cultivars continue to limit effective control.

Key findings

  • Anthracnose can reduce marketable chilli yield by 10%–80% in some developing countries, particularly Thailand; global chilli cultivation is reported as about 3,729,900 ha with about 20,000,000 t produced (FAO, 2003).
  • Chilli anthracnose is associated with several species, including *C. acutatum*, *C. capsici*, *C. gloeosporioides*, and *C. coccodes*; different species may dominate different fruit stages or plant organs, with *C. capsici* widespread on red fruits and *C. acutatum* and *C. gloeosporioides* more prevalent on young and mature green fruits.
  • Morphological identification is often insufficient because of overlapping traits and phenotypic plasticity; molecular approaches such as rDNA-ITS sequencing, partial β-tubulin sequencing, ITS-RFLP, and RAPD have been used, and one cited study separated Thai isolates into *C. acutatum*, *C. capsici*, and *C. gloeosporioides*.
  • Pathogenic variability is documented: 10 *C. acutatum* isolates tested against 7 *Capsicum* cultivars revealed two pathotypes, with *C. baccatum* ‘PBC 81’ completely resistant to 5 isolates but highly susceptible to the other 5; another study proposed 15 *C. capsici* pathotypes among 37 Indian isolates, and a separate collection found 36 of 43 *C. acutatum* isolates in one vegetative compatibility group.

Methods

  • Narrative literature review, not primary experimental research; it synthesizes published work on chilli anthracnose taxonomy, biology, epidemiology, pathogen diversity, and control.
  • Evidence base includes country and regional reports compiled in a table of reported causal agents, plus cited studies on infection processes, molecular diagnostics, population genetics, resistance breeding, and fungicide or biological control.
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis; no systematic search strategy, meta-analysis, or new experimental dataset is reported.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: the taxonomic status of *Colletotrichum* is unclear; little is known about interactions among species causing chilli anthracnose, the disease cycle, and seed transmission; commercial *C. annuum* cultivars resistant to the pathogens have not yet been developed; and current management practices are often inadequate.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks explicit search and inclusion criteria, so coverage may be selective and uneven across regions and publication types.
  • Evident from the text: conclusions rely on cited studies using different species concepts, isolate collections, and experimental methods, which limits direct comparability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1631/jzus.b0860007

Cites

92 of 92 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

11 of 96 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    There is little information concerning the interactions between the complexes of species involved in chilli anthracnose.

    “There is little information concerning the interactions between the complexes of species involved in chilli anthracnose (Than et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Than et al., 2008 source

      The Introduction (p. 1) describes several Colletotrichum species causing chilli anthracnose and difficulties identifying them, but does not say that information about interactions between species complexes is limited. The Discussion (p. 9) identifies unanswered questions about host infection and field risk, not interactions between the species complexes. Searches for “interactions” and for limited knowledge of interactions among Colletotrichum species found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The host-pathogen interaction of C. acutatum appears to be more biotrophic than that of C. gloeosporioides.

    “For example, the host-pathogen interaction of C. acutatum appears to be more biotrophic than that of some other species such as C. gloeosporioides (Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004 source

      The ‘Microscopical events in the Host-Pathogen Interaction’ section reports a biotrophic phase for C. acutatum on some hosts, but no detectable biotrophic stage on strawberry stolons and leaves. The copy does not compare its degree of biotrophy with C. gloeosporioides, so the comparative claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Anthracnose of chilli is caused by more than one Colletotrichum species, including C. acutatum, C. capsici, C. gloeosporioides, and C. coccodes.

    “Anthracnose of chilli has been shown to be caused by more than one Colletotrichum species including C. acutatum (Simmonds), C. capsici (Syd.)Butler and Bisby, C. gloeosporioides (Penz.)Penz.and Sacc., and C. coccodes (Wallr.)S. Hughes (Simmonds, 1965;Johnston and Jones, 1997;Kim et al., 1999;Nirenberg et al., 2002;Voorrips et al., 2004;Sharma et al., 2005;Pakdeevaraporn et al., 2005;Than et al., 2”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Simmonds, 1965

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Johnston and Jones, 1997 source
    • cites Than et al., 2008 source
  • Premisecitation

    DNA sequence analyses have been used to characterize and analyze the taxonomic complexity of Colletotrichum to overcome the inadequacies of traditional morphology based identification schemes.

    “To overcome the inadequacies of traditional morphology based identification schemes, DNA sequence analyses have been used to characterize and analyze the taxonomic complexity of Colletotrichum (Sreenivasaprasad et al., 1996;Moriwaki et al., 2002;Du et al., 2005;Photita et al., 2005;Than et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Sreenivasaprasad et al., 1996 source
    • cites Moriwaki et al., 2002 source
    • cites Than et al., 2008 source
  • Premisecitation

    Yoon et al. (2004) and Than et al. (2008) found that 'PBC 932' was highly susceptible to C. acutatum isolates.

    “However, Yoon et al.(2004) and Than et al.(2008) found that the 'PBC 932' was highly susceptible to C. acutatum isolates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Yoon et al., 2004
    • cites Than et al., 2008 source

      The Pathogenicity section (p. 7) gives PBC 932 a score of 7, ‘very susceptible,’ when fruits were wounded and inoculated with C. acutatum isolates from chilli. The claim omits those conditions: C. acutatum isolates from strawberry caused no symptoms, and no isolates caused anthracnose symptoms without wounding. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
  • May combine two claims. 20

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The current taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species is unclear.

    “The current taxonomic status of Colletotrichum species is unclear (Sreenivasaprasad and Talhinhas, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sreenivasaprasad and Talhinhas, 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As the sexual stages of C. acutatum have never been found in nature, the asexual reproduction mode of C. acutatum is likely to play an important role in its population structure.

    “As the sexual stages of C. acutatum have never been found in nature (Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004), the asexual reproduction mode of C. acutatum is likely to be an important role in its population structure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Effective control of Colletotrichum diseases usually involves the use of a combination of cultural control, biological control, chemical control and intrinsic resistance.

    “Effective control of Colletotrichum diseases usually involves the use of a combination of cultural control, biological control, chemical control and intrinsic resistance (Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004 source

      The Fungal control section lists resistant cultivars, cultural control, chemical control, and biological control as options for Colletotrichum diseases. It says control usually uses “one or a combination” of them, not that it usually combines all four as the citing sentence implies. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Bacillus subtilis and Candida oleophila have been tested for efficacy against C. acutatum.

    “Other biological control agents that have been tested for efficacy against C. acutatum include Bacillus subtilis and Candida oleophila (Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wharton and Diéguez-Uribeondo, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of 10 isolates assayed, C. baccatum 'PBC 81' showed complete resistance against 5 isolates tested, whereas it showed a highly susceptible reaction to the other 5 isolates tested.

    “Interestingly, of 10 isolates assayed, the genotype showed complete resistance against 5 isolates tested, whereas it showed a highly susceptible reaction to the other 5 isolates tested.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    C. acutatum can infect chilli seeds either by reducing the germination rates or by causing damping off of seedlings.

    “We have found that C. acutatum can infect chilli seeds either by reducing the germination rates or by causing damping off of seedlings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    We studied pathogenic variation among 10 isolates of C. acutatum against 7 cultivars including reportedly susceptible C. annuum 'Bangchang' and resistant C. chinense 'PBC 932', C. baccatum 'PBC 80' and 'PBC 81' in Thailand, and this revealed two pathotypes based on qualitative differences in infection of C. baccatum 'PBC 81'.

    “We have studied pathogenic variation among 10 isolates of C. acutatum against 7 cultivars including reportedly susceptible species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum 'Bangchang') (Mongkolporn et al., 2004a) and resistant species such as Capsicum chinense 'PBC 932' (AVRDC, 1999;2003;Mongkolporn et al., 2004a), Capsicum baccatum 'PBC 80' and 'PBC 81' in Thailand.This revealed two pathotypes based on”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Initial infection by Colletotrichum species involves a series of processes including the attachment of conidia to plant surfaces, germination of conidia, production of adhesive appressoria, penetration of plant epidermis, growth and colonization of plant tissue and production of acervuli and sporulation.

    “Initial infection by Colletotrichum species involves a series of processes including the attachment of conidia to plant surfaces, germination of conidia, production of adhesive appressoria, penetration of plant epidermis, growth and colonization of plant tissue and production of acervuli and sporulation (Bailey and Jeger, 1992;Prusky et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bailey and Jeger, 1992

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Prusky et al., 2000

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These pathogens are regarded as hemibiotrophs or facultative biotrophs.

    “These pathogens are therefore regarded as hemibiotrophs or facultative biotrophs (Kim et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kim et al., 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    C. capsici is widespread in red chilli fruits, whereas C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides are more prevalent on both young and mature green fruits.

    “For example, C. capsici is widespread in red chilli fruits, whereas C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides have been reported to be more prevalent on both young and mature green fruits (Hong and Hwang, 1998;Kim et al., 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hong and Hwang, 1998 source
    • cites Kim et al., 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most economically important diseases reducing marketable yield from 10% to 80% of the crop production in some developing countries, particularly in Thailand.

    “Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species is one of the most economically important diseases reducing marketable yield from 10% to 80% of the crop production in some developing countries, particularly in Thailand (Poonpolgul and Kumphai, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Poonpolgul and Kumphai, 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The broad host range of many Colletotrichum species has caused problems for plant pathologists who need to identify specific plant pathogens to control disease.

    “The broad host range of many species has caused problems for plant pathologists who need to identify specific plant pathogens to control disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anthracnose is mainly a problem on mature fruits, causing severe losses due to both pre- and post-harvest fruit decay.

    “Anthracnose is mainly a problem on mature fruits, causing severe losses due to both pre-and post-harvest fruit decay (Hadden and Black, 1989;Bosland and Votava, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hadden and Black, 1989
    • cites Bosland and Votava, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Kim et al. (2004) reported that different species cause diseases of different organs of the chilli plant; for example, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides infect chilli fruits at all developmental stages, but usually not the leaves or stems, which are mostly damaged by C. coccodes and C. dematium.

    “Kim et al.(2004) reported that different species cause diseases of different organs of the chilli plant; for example, C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides infect chilli fruits at all developmental stages, but usually not the leaves or stems, which are mostly damaged by C. coccodes and C. dematium.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kim et al., 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    At later stages of infection, tissues were colonized inter- and intracellularly by the pathogen, and this structural feature indicated that the infection was governed by necrotrophic fungal growth.

    “At later stages of infection, tissues were colonized inter-and intracellularly by the pathogen.This structural feature indicated that the infection was governed by necrotrophic fungal growth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kim et al., 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This information is necessary for plant breeding purposes and disease management.

    “This information is necessary for plant breeding purposes and disease management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.

    “Anthracnose disease is one of the major economic constraints to chilli production worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Pakdeevaraporn et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Molecular techniques have provided additional data to aid the naming of fungi, and have been applied to taxonomically difficult genera including Fusarium, Pestalotiopsis, Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs, but to a lesser extent to Colletotrichum.

    “Molecular techniques have provided additional data to aid the naming of fungi, and have been applied to taxonomically difficult genera including Fusarium (O′Donnell et al., 1998;Maxwell et al., 2005), Pestalotiopsis (Jeewon et al., 2002;2003;2004;Lui et al., 2007), Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs (Crous et al., 2000;Mancini et al., 2006), but to a lesser extent to Colletotrichum (Sreenivasaprasad”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites O′Donnell et al., 1998 source
    • cites Crous et al., 2000
    • cites Sreenivasaprasad et al., 1996 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Following penetration, the pathogens that colonize the intramural region beneath the cuticle invade in a necrotrophic manner and spread rapidly throughout the tissues.

    “Following penetration, the pathogens that colonize the intramural region beneath the cuticle invade in a necrotrophic manner and spread rapidly throughout the tissues (O′Connell et al., 1985).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O′Connell et al., 1985 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some Colletotrichum species respond differently to various control measures; for example, C. acutatum is moderately susceptible to benzimidazole, while C. gloeosporioides is highly susceptible.

    “Some Colletotrichum species respond differently to various control measures, e.g., C. acutatum was found to be moderately susceptible to the fungicide, benzimidazole, while C. gloeosporioides was highly susceptible (Peres et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peres et al., 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Accurate taxonomic information is necessary for effective disease control management.

    “Accurate taxonomic information is necessary for effective disease control management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Capsicum chinense 'PBC 932' has been reported as a resistant variety to Colletotrichum capsici and hence has been introgressed with C. annuum 'Bangchang' to produce F1 progeny.

    “In addition, Capsicum chinense 'PBC 932' has been reported as a resistant variety to Colletotrichum capsici and hence has been introgressed with C. annuum 'Bangchang' to produce F 1 progeny (AVRDC, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites AVRDC, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are numerous reports of negative effects of using chemicals on farmers' income and health, and toxic contamination to the environment, particularly in developing countries.

    “However, there are numerous reports of negative effects of using chemicals on farmers' income and health, and toxic contamination to the environment, particularly in developing countries (Voorrips et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Voorrips et al., 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The use of resistant varieties eliminates losses from diseases and eliminates chemical and mechanical expenses of disease control.

    “The use of resistant varieties not only eliminated losses from diseases, but also eliminated chemical and mechanical expenses of disease control (Agrios, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Agrios, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In the case of anamorphic fungi such as Colletotrichum, reproduction is mainly or exclusively vegetative.

    “However, in the case of anamorphic fungi such as Colletotrichum, reproduction is mainly or exclusively vegetative (Katan, 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Katan, 2000

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    This information about the highly susceptible reaction of 'PBC 932' will help chilli breeders to be aware of the potential for breaking down its resistance to C. acutatum.

    “Nevertheless, this information about highly susceptible reaction of 'PBC 932' will help chilli breeders to be aware of the potential for breaking down its resistance to C. acutatum.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The genetic structure of plant pathogen populations, the potential for gene flow and long distance dispersal, and the relative contribution of sexual and asexual reproduction have direct inference with agricultural ecosystems.

    “The genetic structure of plant pathogen populations, the potential for gene flow and long distance dispersal, and the relative contribution of sexual and asexual reproduction have direct inference with agricultural ecosystems (McDonald and McDermott, 1993;McDonald, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites McDonald and McDermott, 1993 source
    • cites McDonald, 1997 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Accurate identification of Colletotrichum species along with the knowledge of populations responsible for epidemics are essential for developing and implementing effective disease control strategies.

    “Accurate identification of Colletotrichum species along with the knowledge of populations responsible for epidemics are essential for developing and implementing effective disease control strategies (Freeman et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Freeman et al., 1998 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bailey (1987) and Agrios (2005) recommended integrated management techniques, as no single specific management program could eliminate chilli anthracnose.

    “Bailey (1987) and Agrios (2005) recommended integrated management techniques, as no single spe-cific management program could eliminate chilli anthracnose.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bailey, 1987

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Agrios, 2005

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Voorrips et al. (2004) found one main QTL with high significance and large effects on resistance and three other QTLs with smaller effects on the F2 population (cross between C. annuum and C. chinense) on traits such as infection frequency, true lesion diameter and overall lesion diameter after inoculation with C. gloeosporioides in Indonesia.

    “Recently, Voorrips et al.(2004) have found one main quantitative trait locus (QTL) with high significance and large effects on resistance and three other QTLs with smaller effects on the F2 population (cross between C. annuum and C. chinense) on the traits they tested, such as infection frequency, the true lesion diameter and overall lesion diameter after inoculation with C. gloeosporioides in the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Voorrips et al.(2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Colletotrichum species are generally able to survive in or on seeds and one of the ways that anthracnose is introduced to the chilli field is through infected transplants.

    “Colletotrichum species are generally able to survive in or on seeds and one of the ways that anthracnose is introduced to the chilli field is through infected transplants (Manandhar et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Manandhar et al., 1995 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Current research is focusing on introgression of this resistance into susceptible commercial cultivars of C. annuum.

    “Current research is focusing on introgression of this resistance into susceptible commercial cultivars of C. annuum (AVRDC, 2003;Pakdeevaraporn et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites AVRDC, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Pakdeevaraporn et al., 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    They observed a promising dominant gene responsible for the resistance to C. capsici.

    “They observed a promising dominant gene responsible for the resistance to C. capsici.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mongkolporn et al.(2004a) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The potential for biological control of Colletotrichum species had been suggested as early as 1976 by Lenné and Parbery.

    “The potential for biological control of Colletotrichum species had been suggested as early as in 1976 by Lenné and Parbery (1976).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lenné and Parbery, 1976 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trichoderma species have been applied to control Colletotrichum species in chilli, strawberries, and citrus in Belize with concomitant disease reduction.

    “Trichoderma species have been applied to control Colletotrichum species in chilli (Boonratkwang et al., 2007), strawberries (Freeman et al., 2001), and citrus in Belize (Moretto et al., 2001) with concomitant disease reduction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Boonratkwang et al., 2007

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Freeman et al., 2001 source
    • cites Moretto et al., 2001

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The control of chilli anthracnose fruit rot has, for many years, relied on chemicals and resulted in many undesirable problems.

    “The control of chilli anthracnose fruit rot has, for many years, relied on chemicals and resulted in many undesirable problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Jeger and Jeffries (1988) stressed the possibilities of biological control of post-harvest fruit diseases by using Pseudomonas fluorescens.

    “Jeger and Jeffries (1988) also stressed the possibilities of biological control of post-harvest fruit diseases by using Pseudomonas fluorescens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jeger and Jeffries, 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Management and control of anthracnose disease are still under extensive research.

    “Management and control of the anthracnose disease are still under extensive research (Yoon et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yoon et al., 2004

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

38 of 38

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    C. baccatum genotype 'PBC 80' is useful for studying genetics of resistance and practical breeding in chilli pepper.

    “This genotype is assumed to be useful for studying genetics of resistance and practical breeding in chilli pepper.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Pathogens with large genetic variations adapt faster to fluctuating environments (e.g., resistant genes and fungicides).

    “Pathogens with large genetic variations are assumed to adapt faster to fluctuating environments (e.g., resistant genes and fungicides).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Very little is known about the disease cycle of the pathogens that cause anthracnose in chilli.

    “However, very little is known about the disease cycle of the patho-gens that cause anthracnose in chilli.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no report concerning the use of these genes to differentiate between the Colletotrichum species involved in chilli anthracnose.

    “However, there is no report concerning the use of these genes to differentiate between the Colletotrichum species involved in chilli anthracnose.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Despite its importance, there have only been a few studies concerning the diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with chilli anthracnose.

    “Despite its importance, there have only been a few studies concerning the diversity of Colletotrichum species associated with chilli anthracnose.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many studies have concluded that disease management practices are often inadequate to eliminate the diseases.

    “Many studies have concluded that disease management practices are often inadequate to eliminate the diseases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chemicals are the most common and practical method to control anthracnose diseases.

    “Chemicals are the most common and practical method to control anthracnose diseases.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Management of disease through breeding of pathogen-resistant cultivars has only had limited success due to frequent breakdown of resistance under field conditions.

    “However, management of disease through breeding of pathogen-resistant cultivars has only had limited success due to frequent breakdown of resistance under field conditions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The use of resistant cultivars is the cheapest, easiest, safest and most effective means of controlling the disease.

    “Among disease control management, the use of resistant cultivars is the cheapest, easiest, safest and most effective means of controlling the disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Biological control methods for chilli anthracnose disease have not received much attention.

    “So far, biological control methods for chilli anthracnose disease have not received much attention.”
10 of 10

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Cultivated-area components do not match the stated total

    Minor

    The reported areas for fresh and dried chilli add to 3,500,000 ha, not 3,729,900 ha. The difference of 229,900 ha is too large to be explained by rounding the two component figures.

    Reported 3729900 · recomputed 3500000

  • Conflicting descriptions of the anamorphic form

    Minor

    One passage identifies Glomerella species as the anamorphs, while another describes Colletotrichum itself as anamorphic. These give conflicting identities for the anamorphic form in the Colletotrichum discussion.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

11 of the 103 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. Agrios, G.N., 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, San Diego, p.922.
  2. AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre), 1999. Off-Season Tomato, Pepper, and Eggplant. Progress Report for 1998. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan, China.
  3. AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre), 2003. AVRDC Progress Report for 2002. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Taiwan, China.
  4. Boonratkwang, C., Chamswarng, C., Intanoo, W., Juntharasri, V., 2007. Effect of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma Harzianum Strain Pm9 on Growth Inhibition of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides and Chilli Anthracnose Control. Proceeding of the 8th National Plant Protection Conference. Naresuan University, Phisanulok, Thailand, p.323–336.
  5. Correll, C.J., Cornelius, K., Feng, C., Ware, S.B., Gabor, B., Harp, T.L., 2007. Overview of the Phylogenetics Species Concept in Colletotrichum as it Relates to Chilli Anthracnose. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.20.
  6. Dodd, J.C., Estrada, A., Jeger, M.J., 1992. Epidemiology of Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides in the Tropics. In: Bailey, J.A., Jeger, M.J. (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, p.308–325.
  7. Don, L.D., Van, T.T., Phuong Vy, T.T., Kieu, P.T.M., 2007. Colletotrichum spp. Attacking on Chilli Pepper Growing in Vietnam. Country Report. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.24.
  8. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2003. FAO Production Yearbook 2001. FAO, Rome, 55(170):333.
  9. Hong, J.K., Kim, D.H., 2007. Taxonomic Characteristics of Colletotrichum spp. and their Teleomorphs Causing Anthracnose of Chilli Pepper. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.31.
  10. Intanoo, W., Chamswarng, C., 2007. Effect of Antagonistic Bacterial Formulations for Control of Anthracnose on Chilli Fruits. Proceeding of the 8th National Plant Protection Conference. Naresuan University, Phisanulok, Thailand, p.309–322.
  11. Isaac, S., 1992. Fungal Plant Interaction. Chapman and Hall Press, London, p.115.
  12. Jeger, M.J., Jeffries, P., 1988. Alternative to chemical usage for disease management in the post-harvest environment. Aspects of Applied Biology, 17:47–57.
  13. Jewsakun, S., 1978. Serology, Seed Transmission on Anthracnose Disease of Pepper and Effect of Foliar Fungicides to the Causal Pathogens. MS Thesis, Kasetsart University.
  14. Katan, T., 2000. Vegetative Compatibility in Colletotrichum. In: Prusky, D., Freeman, S., Dickman, M. (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Host Specificity, Pathology, and Host-pathogen Interaction. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, p.45–55.
  15. Kim, B.S., Park, K.S., Lee, W.S., 1987. Search for resistance to two Colletotrichum species in pepper (Capsicum spp.). Journal of Korean Society and Horticultural Science, 28:207–213.
  16. Kim, W.G., Cho, E.J., Lee, E.J., 1986. Two strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. causing anthracnose of pepper fruits. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology, 2:107–113.
  17. Korpraditskul, V., Rattanakreetakul, C., Korpraditskul, R., Pasabutra, T., 1999. Development of Plant Active Substances from Sweetflag to Control Fruit Rot of Mango for Export. In: Proceeding of Kasetsart University Annual Conference. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, p.34.
  18. Moretto, K.C.K., Gimenes-Fernandes, N., Dos Santos, J.M., 2001. Influence of Trichoderma spp. on Colletotrichum acutatum mycelial growth and morphology on infection of ‘Tahiti’ lime detached flowers. Summa Phytopathologia, 27(4):357–364.
  19. O’Connell, R.J., Perfect, S., Hughes, B., Carzaniga, R., Bailey, J.A., Green, J., 2000. Dissecting the Cell Biology of Colletotrichum Infection Processes. In: Bailey, J.A., Jegar, M.J. (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology, and Control. CAB International, Wallingfords, UK, p.57–77.
  20. Pae, D.H., Yoon, J.Y., Lee, J.M., 1998. Screening for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides using detached fruits in pepper (Capsicum annuum) by high-pressure spray. Journal of Korean Society and Horticultural Science, 39:690–692.
  21. Park, H.G., 2007. Problems of Anthracnose in Pepper and Prospects for its Management. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.19.
  22. Park, K.S., Kim, C.H., 1992. Identification, distribution, and etiological characteristics of anthracnose fungi of red pepper in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology, 8:61–69.
  23. Park, W.M., Park, S.H., Lee, Y.S., Ko, Y.H., 1987. Differentiation of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose on Capsicum annuum L. by electrophoretic method. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology, 3:85–92.
  24. Paul, Y.S., Behl, M.K., 1990. Some studies on bell pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici and its control. Seed Research, 1:656–659.
  25. Poonpolgul, S., Kumphai, S., 2007. Chilli Pepper Anthracnose in Thailand. Country Report. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.23.
  26. Poulos, J.M., 1992. Problems and Progress of Chilli Pepper Production in the Tropics. In: Hock, C.B., Hong, L.W., Rejab, M., Syed, A.R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Chilli Pepper Production in the Tropics. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p.98–129.
  27. Prusky, D., Plumbley, R.A., 1992. Quiescent Infections off Colletotrichum in Tropical and Subtropical Fruits. In: Bailey, J.A., Jeger, M.J. (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology, and Control. CAB International Wallingford, p.289–307.
  28. Prusky, D., Koblier, I., Aridi, R., Beno-Moalem, D., Yakoby, N., Keen, N.T., 2000. Resistance Mechanisms of Subtropical Fruits to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. In: Bailey, J.A., Jeger, M.J. (Eds.), Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology, and Control. CAB International Wallingford, p.232–244.
  29. Ratanacherdchai, K., Wang, H.K., Lin, F.C., Soytong, K., 2007. RAPD analysis of Colletotrichum species causing chilli anthracnose disease in Thailand. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 3:211–219.
  30. Royle, D.J., Butler, D.R., 1986. Epidemiological Significance of Liquid Water in Crop Canopies and its Role in Disease Forecasting. In: Ayres, P.G., Boddy, L. (Eds.), Water, Fungi and Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.139–156.
  31. Sheu, Z., Chenand, J., Wang, T., 2007. Application of ITS-RFLP Analysis for Identifying Colletotrichum Species Associated with Pepper Anthracnose in Taiwan. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Abstracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.32.
  32. Smith, K.L., 2000. Peppers. In: Precheur, R.J. (Ed.), Ohio Vegetable Production Guide. Ohio State University Extension, Columbus, Ohio, p.166–173.
  33. Taylor, P.W.J., Mongkolporn, O., Than, P.P., Montri, P., Ranathunge, N., Kanchana-udonkarn, C., Ford, R., Pongsupasamit, S., Hyde, K.D., 2007. Pathotypes of Colletotrichum spp. Infecting Chilli Peppers and Mechanisms of Resistance. In: Oh, D.G., Kim, K.T. (Eds.), Ab stracts of the First International Symposium on Chilli Anthracnose. National Horticultural Research Institute, Rural Development of Administration, Republic of Korea, p.29.
  34. von Arx, J.A., 1957. Die Arten der Gattung Colletotrichum Cda. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 29:414–468.
  35. Yoon, J.B., Park, H.G., 2001. Screening method for resistance to pepper fruits anthracnose: Pathogen sporulation, inoculation methods related to inoculum concentrations, post-inoculation environments. Journal of Korean Society and Horticultural Science, 42:382–393.

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Related

Authors
Than, P. P., Prihastuti, H., Phoulivong, S., Taylor, P. W. J., & Hyde, K. D.
Affiliations
  • Research Institute of Resource Insects (CN)
  • University of Brawijaya (ID)
  • Mae Fah Luang University (TH)
  • The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author
Hyde, Kevin D.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B
Publisher
Zhejiang University Press
Published
2008-10
Volume
9
Issue
10
Pages
764-778
ISSN
  • 1673-1581 (ISSN-L)
  • 1862-1783
DOI
10.1631/jzus.b0860007
PMC
PMC2565739
OpenAlex
W2049104518
Cited by
242
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
FWCI
0.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
Keywords
chilli anthracnose, Colletotrichum, Capsicum annuum, plant pathogenic fungi, pathogen taxonomy, pathogen identification, population structure, disease cycle, disease management, disease resistance breeding
MeSH terms
Capsicum, Fungicides, Industrial, Pest Control, Biological, Plant Diseases, Species Specificity, Virulence, Colletotrichum

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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