Vaccination of llamas, Llama glama, with an experimental killed encephalomyocarditis virus vaccine
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a pandemic virus that has caused mortality in numerous captive wildlife species worldwide. An experimental killed vaccine was created from two EMCV isolates associated with zoo animal mortality in the southern United States. The vaccine was tested for safety and efficacy in eleven llamas (Llama glama). All animals received an initial vaccination and a second booster vaccination 4 wk later. Serum antibody responses were monitored at initial vaccination and at 4 wks, 8 wk, 6 mo, and 12 mo postvaccination. Eight of the 11 llamas vaccinated experienced at least a 4-fold increase in serum antibody titers to EMCV. Antibody titers of those eight animals remained elevated above prevaccination levels when measured at 12 mo. The experimental killed EMCV vaccine tested may be a useful tool to prevent EMCV infection in llamas when given in 2 doses 4 wk apart, and then revaccinated or with antibody levels monitored annually thereafter.
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The magnitude of anti-EMCV neutralizing antibody responses varied considerably among individual animals of the same species.
“Similar to other studies [63,64], the magnitude of anti-EMCV neutralizing antibody responses varied considerably among individual animals of the same species, as some elephants had lower titers that tended to fluctuate.”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [64]
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“…late 2018, an East African hippopotamus died from EMCV-induced necrotizing endomyocarditis at a zoo in Texas, after which an inactivated autogenous vaccine (Vaxxinova U.S. Inc., Worthington, MN) [64] was developed and was in current use at the Texas zoo at the time of the EMCV outbreak in Florida.”
- Authors
- Kilburn, J. J., Murphy, D. P., Titus, M., Payton, M. E., & Backues, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kilburn, Jennifer J.
- Murphy, David P.
- Titus, Mark
- Payton, Mark E.
- Backues, Kay A.
- ORCID
- Payton, Mark E.
- Venue
- Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-68
- ISSN
- 1042-7260 (ISSN-L)
- 1937-2825
- OpenAlex
- W2069474632
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, llamas, inactivated vaccine, vaccine safety and efficacy, serum antibody response, booster vaccination, zoo animal mortality
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Camelids, New World, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Female, Male, Viral Vaccines, Cardiovirus Infections
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