Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Zoo Animals.
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In natural infections of susceptible mammalian species such as zoo animals or domestic swine, EMCV tends to affect the cardiopulmonary system.
“In natural infections of susceptible mammalian species such as zoo animals or domestic swine, EMCV tends to affect the cardiopulmonary system, with additional neurological involvement in some cases.”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
The major target organ of EMCV in natural infections is the heart, with clinical infection predominantly manifesting as myocarditis, and pulmonary edema often noted secondarily to cardiac failure.
“The major target organ is the heart, with clinical infection predominantly manifesting as myocarditis, with pulmonary edema often noted secondarily to cardiac failure [19–21].”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
EMCV can persist for prolonged periods in the environment when conditions are favorable, increasing the likelihood of contact with zoo animals through fecal- or urine-contaminated materials.
“Owing to the structural stability of the non-enveloped capsid, EMCV can persist for prolonged periods in the environment when conditions are favorable (e.g., the virus is surrounded by organic material such as soil, feces, or leaf litter in moist or humid environments), increasing the likelihood of contact with zoo animals through fecal- or urine-contaminated materials such as food, water, or bed”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
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Lamglait, B., Joris, A., Romey, A., Bakkali-Kassimi, L., & Lemberger, K. (2015) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2014-0132r1.1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flacke, G. L., Tkalčić, S., Steck, B., Warren, K., & Martin, G. B. (2016) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21336 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Vaccination of llamas, Llama glama, with an experimental killed encephalomyocarditis virus vaccine
Kilburn, J. J., Murphy, D. P., Titus, M., Payton, M. E., & Backues, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2010-0057.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAdhikari, A., Feng, K. H., Shrestha, A., Rodriguez, C. E., Nolan, E. C., Pye, G. W., Gauger, P. C., Denagamage, T., Holmes, E. C., & Allison, A. B. (2026) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013861 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…when conditions are favorable (e.g., the virus is surrounded by organic material such as soil, feces, or leaf litter in moist or humid environments), increasing the likelihood of contact with zoo animals through fecal-or urine-contaminated materials such as food, water, or bedding [13,21].”
- Authors
- Backues, K. A.
- Corresponding author
- Backues, Kay A.
- Venue
- Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2008
- Pages
- 75-cp1
- OpenAlex
- W2905577933
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, zoo animals, wildlife disease, viral infection, captive animals
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