Protection of non-murine mammals against encephalomyocarditis virus using a genetically engineered Mengo virus
Abstract
Genetically engineered Mengo viruses with artificial deletions in the 5' noncoding poly(C) tracts are highly attenuated for pathogenicity when introduced as live vaccines into the natural murine host. Inoculation produces lifelong protective immunity without disease or viral persistence. This report extends the vaccination studies to non-murine hosts, including baboons, macaques and domestic pigs, all of which are susceptible to severe cardiovirus epizootics. All animals of these species that were inoculated with vMC24, an engineered strain of Mengo, seroconverted. When the immunized animals were challenged, they were protected against lethal doses of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) derived from currently circulating epizootic strains. In baboons, the neutralizing antibody titers induced by vMC24 were significantly higher than from an inactivated EMCV vaccine. Moreover, terminal histopathology on baboons (inoculated intramuscularly), macaques (inoculated intracerebrally), and pigs (inoculated intramuscularly) showed few, if any, gross lesions characteristic of EMCV-like disease, in the vMC24 vaccinates. We suggest that genetically engineered, short poly(C) Mengo viruses may be universally potent attenuated vaccines for many types of animals and can possibly provide safe, efficacious protection against all cardioviruses of the EMCV serotype.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Killed autogenous vaccines can induce long-lived, and in some cases, high-titer neutralizing antibodies that are likely protective against EMCV-related disease in elephants.
“These results suggest that killed autogenous vaccines – which in most circumstances are the only current option available to zoos for protecting their animals – can nevertheless induce long-lived, and in some cases, high-titer neutralizing antibodies that are likely protective against EMCV-related disease in elephants.”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Cites
Sherry, B., Mosser, A. G., Colonno, R. J., & Rueckert, R. R. (1986) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.57.1.246-257.1986 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis
Notkins, A. L., & Oldstone, M. B. A. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5250-4 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Molecular Aspects of Picornavirus Infection and Detection
Semler, B. L., & Ehrenfeld, E. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Duke, G. M., Hoffman, M. A., & Palmenberg, A. C. (1992) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.3.1602-1609.1992 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationAttenuation of Mengo virus through genetic engineering of the 5′ noncoding poly(C) tract
Duke, G. M., Osorio, J. E., & Palmenberg, A. C. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/343474a0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationA Filter-Passing Agent Producing Interstitial Myocarditis in Anthropoid Apes and Small Animals
Helwig, F. C., & Schmidt, C. (1945) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.102.2637.31 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cloning and synthesis of infectious cardiovirus RNAs containing short, discrete poly(C) tracts
Duke, G. M., & Palmenberg, A. C. (1989) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.63.4.1822-1826.1989 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citation[46] Preparation and characterization of encephalornyocarditis (EMC) virus
Rueckert, R. R., & Pallansch, M. A. (1981) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(81)78136-9 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
An encephalomyocarditis virus epizootic in a baboon colony.
Gb, H., Soike, K. F., Tm, B., Kd, C., Davis, H., Butcher, W. I., & Gauntt, C. J. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationEncephalomyocarditis virus infections in Florida, 1960-1966.
Gainer, J. H. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde
Wessl�n, T., Lycke, E., Gard, S., et al. (1957) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/bf01241813 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis II
Notkins, A. L., & Oldstone, M. B. A. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4958-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS: EPIZOOTIC IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
Wells, S. K., Gutter, A. E., Soike, K. F., & Baskin, G. B. (1989) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationEncephalomyocarditis virus disease of pigs associated with a plague of rodents
Seaman, J. T., BOULTON, J. G., & CARRIGAN, M. J. (1986) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1986.tb08069.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus by formalin
Wessl�n, T., & Dinter, Z. (1957) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/bf01240747 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Isolation of Encephalomyocarditis Virus from Aotus Monkeys
ROCA-GARCIA, M., & Sanmartin-Barberi, C. (1957) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1957.6.840 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
FORMALDEHYDE INACTIVATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS AS APPLIED TO VACCINE PREPARATION.
Graves, J. H. (1963) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cardioviral poly(C) tracts and viral pathogenesis
Palmenberg, A. C., & Osorio, J. E. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9326-6_8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSusceptibility of Four Species of Small Rodents to Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) Virus Infection
Matsuzaki, H., Doi, K., Doi, C., et al. (1989) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim1978.38.4_357 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pope, J. (1959) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.1959.13 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Recent Isolations of Encephalomyocarditis Virus
Kissling, R. E., Vanella, J. M., & Schaeffer, M. (1956) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-91-22194 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dynamic model of the pathogenesis of Mengo virus infection in mice.
Guthke, R., Veckenstedt, A., Güttner, J., et al. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Prospects for a Synthetic Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine
Brown, F. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4958-0_47 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hunter, P., Swanepoel, S. P., Esterhuysen, J. J., Raath, J. P., Bengis, R. G., & van der Lugt, J. J. (1998) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00158-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Flacke, G. L., Tkalčić, S., Steck, B., Warren, K., & Martin, G. B. (2016) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21336 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Genetically engineered Mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species
Backues, K. A., Hill, M., Palmenberg, A. C., Miller, C., Soike, K. F., & Aguilar, R. (1999) · Journal of Wildlife Diseases · doi:10.7589/0090-3558-35.2.384 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe long-lasting enigma of polycytidine (polyC) tract
Penza, V., Russell, S. J., & Schulze, A. J. (2021) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009739 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Zoo Animals.
Backues, K. A. (2008) · Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-141604047-7.50012-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Vaccination of llamas, Llama glama, with an experimental killed encephalomyocarditis virus vaccine
Kilburn, J. J., Murphy, D. P., Titus, M., Payton, M. E., & Backues, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine · doi:10.1638/2010-0057.1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Adhikari, A., Feng, K. H., Shrestha, A., Rodriguez, C. E., Nolan, E. C., Pye, G. W., Gauger, P. C., Denagamage, T., Holmes, E. C., & Allison, A. B. (2026) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013861 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“However, it has been demonstrated that titers ≥1:20 are protective in mice after challenge [76], and in one study, inactivated vaccine-induced antibodies were protective in African elephants subsequently challenged with EMCV [32].”
- Authors
- Osorio, J. E., Hubbard, G. B., Soike, K. F., Girard, M., van der Werf, S., Moulin, J.-C., & Palmenberg, A. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Palmenberg, Ann C.
- Venue
- Vaccine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-02
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 155-161
- ISSN
- 0264-410X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2013698424
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Vaccine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai030566-09)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI-30566)
- National Center for Research Resources (P51RR000164, RR00164.)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, mengovirus, live attenuated vaccine, 5' untranslated region, baboons, macaque, pigs, neutralizing antibodies, seroconversion, vaccine safety
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Female, Genetic Engineering, HeLa Cells, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Mengovirus, Papio, Poly C, Swine, Viral Vaccines, Cardiovirus Infections
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
