Transmission and pathogenicity of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) among rats
Open accessAbstract
Due to the probable role played by rodents as a reservoir for the transmission of the EMC virus to pigs, the experiment reported here was performed in order to assess the transmission rate of EMCV within a rat population. Twenty-five eight-week-old Wistar rats housed in individual plastic cages were experimentally infected either with a Greek myocardial EMCV strain (5 rats with a 0.2 x 10(6) TCID50 dose per rat and 10 rats with a 0.5 x 10(4.5) TCID50 dose per rat, oronasally) or a Belgian myocardial EMCV strain (10 rats with a 0.5 x 10(4.5) TCID50 dose per rat, oronasally). Two to five days later, each inoculated rat was moved to a new clean cage and coupled with a contact rat to compare the pathogenicity of the two strains and to estimate the basic reproduction ratio R0, indicating the level of EMCV transmission. During the experiments, faecal virus excretion was measured as well as the serological response against EMCV. After euthanasia, virus isolation was attempted from different rat tissues. Neither strains produced mortality, nor clinical signs and only low titres of neutralising antibodies were found. All contact rats, however, were infected and the virus was isolated from their faeces and from various tissues. Both 10-pair experiments revealed a point estimate for the R0 of infinity (95%-CI for both the Greek and Belgian EMCV strains = 4.48 - infinity), as did the 5-pair experiment with a higher dose of the Greek strain (95%-CI = 1.83 - infinity). Combining the results from the two 10-pair experiments resulted in an estimate for R0 of infinity (95%-CI: 9.87 - infinity). These results indicate that the EMC virus can spread very easily within a rat population by horizontal rat-to-rat transmission (R0 >> 1).
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In experimental infection of Wistar rats, EMCV was excreted in feces for several weeks post-infection, with efficient horizontal rat-to-rat transmission and a lack of any clinical signs.
“In experimental infection studies of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus domesticus), EMCV was excreted in feces for several weeks post-infection, with efficient horizontal rat-to-rat transmission and a lack of any clinical signs [13].”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
In vivo assessments in Norway rats show EMCV infection is devoid of clinical signs and macroscopic lesions, with concomitant fecal shedding of virus.
“as do in vivo assessments in other Rattus species (i.e., Norway rats) where EMCV infection is devoid of clinical signs and macroscopic lesions, with concomitant fecal shedding of virus [13].”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
EMCV can persist for prolonged periods in the environment when conditions are favorable, increasing the likelihood of contact with zoo animals through fecal- or urine-contaminated materials.
“Owing to the structural stability of the non-enveloped capsid, EMCV can persist for prolonged periods in the environment when conditions are favorable (e.g., the virus is surrounded by organic material such as soil, feces, or leaf litter in moist or humid environments), increasing the likelihood of contact with zoo animals through fecal- or urine-contaminated materials such as food, water, or bed”
From Zoological transmission of encephalomyocarditis virus in the United States: Virus evolution, host ecology, and capsid antigenicity derived from an outbreak (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
Successful EMCV isolation, even if at low rate, was demonstrated after an experimental infection by examining lymphoid tissues.
“a successful isolation, even if at low rate, was demonstrated after an experimental infection by examining lymphoid tissues [14].”
From Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in an Italian zoo (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
The presence of infected rodents in proximity to farms with infected swine suggests they play an important role in virus spread.
“The presence of infected rodents in proximity to farms with infected swine also suggests they play an important role in virus spread,91,92”
From The encephalomyocarditis virus (2012) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Spyrou, V., Maurice, H., CharalambosBillinis, Papanastassopoulou, M., Psalla, D., Nielen, M., Koenen, F., & Papadopoulos, O.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (BE)
- Venue
- Veterinary Research
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 113-122
- ISSN
- 0928-4249 (ISSN-L)
- 1297-9716
- OpenAlex
- W2102099925
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Veterinary Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Keywords
- encephalomyocarditis virus, rats, basic reproduction number, pathogenicity, horizontal transmission, rodent reservoirs, neutralizing antibodies
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Disease Reservoirs, Encephalomyocarditis virus, Feces, Greece, Neutralization Tests, Random Allocation, Rodent Diseases, Rats, Wistar, Cardiovirus Infections, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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