OECD Digital Education Outlook 2023: Towards an Effective Digital Education Ecosystem
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Algorithmic bias is a problem for algorithms used in education.
“Research has demonstrated that algorithmic bias is a problem for algorithms used in education (OECD, 2023).”
From Artificial Intelligence in Education: Implications for Policymakers, Researchers, and Practitioners (2024) · cites this paper as OECD, 2023
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Artificial Intelligence in Education: Implications for Policymakers, Researchers, and Practitioners
Ifenthaler, D., Majumdar, R., Gorissen, P., Judge, M., Mishra, S., Raffaghelli, J., & Shimada, A. (2024) · Technology, Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-024-09747-0 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Educational Research and Innovation
OECD, & Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (2009) · Educational research and innovation · doi:10.1787/20769679 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, H., Sun, Y., & Yang, J. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05252-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
International Summit on the Teaching Profession
OECD (2014) · International Summit on the Teaching Profession · doi:10.1787/23127090 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWarr, M., & Heath, M. K. (2025) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/00224871251325073 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Silverman, R. D., Keane, K., Darling-Hammond, E., & Khanna, S. (2024) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543241261073 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Tan, X. J., Cheng, G., & Ling, M. H. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100521 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Li, C., Fryer, L. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2024) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.1080/17501229.2024.2352789 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Galindo‐Domínguez, H., Delgado, N., de la Maza, M. S., & Urbieta, J. M. E. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.108985 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Abu-Tineh, A. M. H., Alazaizeh, M., Shal, T., Alshaboul, Y. M. K., & Ghamrawi, N. (2025) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2025.2531061 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sung, S., Thomas, D., & Rikakis, T. (2024) · Postdigital Science and Education · doi:10.1007/s42438-024-00485-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Impact of Digital Economy on Green Growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Khemiri, I., & Neffati, M. (2025) · Economics · doi:10.2478/eoik-2025-0065 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
From rote to reflective: Integrating ChatGPT to transform learning outcomes in Cambodian education
Huot, S., & Loch, S. (2025) · International Journal of Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.36892/ijlls.v7i4.2188 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reihanian, I., Hou, Y., & Sun, Q. (2025) · AI · doi:10.3390/ai7010006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Vanermen, L., Vlieghe, J., & Decuypere, M. (2024) · Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2024.2389071 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Enhancement and assessment in the AI age: An extended mind perspective
Hernández‐Orallo, J. (2025) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909241309376 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Turková, K., Krásničan, V., Prázová, I., Turčínek, P., & Foltýnek, T. (2025) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-025-00203-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Karaman, K., & KÖSE, M. (2025) · Eğitimde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi · doi:10.70325/eyyad.1782927 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Qian, M., & Yan, C. (2026) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.70437 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wu, S., Firdaus, R. B. R., Wang, Y., & Kamsi, N. S. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261423292 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Eisenschmidt, E., & Vanari, K. (2025) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2025.2477154 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Uso de plataformas virtuales y su influencia en la autonomía del aprendizaje en educación superior
Concha-Ramírez, J. A., Berrones, R. G. C., & Navas, C. D. H. (2024) · Revista Científica Enfoques del Conocimiento · doi:10.55813/gaea/revistacec/v1/n2/13 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Soko, J. J. (2025) · Journal of the Kenya National Commission for UNESCO · doi:10.62049/jkncu.v5i1.426 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Un, S. (2025) · Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning · doi:10.31681/jetol.1639704 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The role of education and digitalization in tourism development: evidence for the European Union
Dziţac, S., Simuț, R., Bădulescu, D., et al. (2025) · Technological and Economic Development of Economy · doi:10.3846/tede.2025.24388 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
PISA 2022 Creative Thinking Framework
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/6dd731d0-en · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationOECD (2009) · OECD economic surveys. France · doi:10.1787/19990235 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, S., Ahn, S.-K., Yang, E. S., Kim, S., & Chung, I.-J. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2026.2647023 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing digital competence among English teachers in higher education: insights from China
Zhang, X., Miskam, N. N., Sazalli, N. A. H., et al. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13713-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stalmach, A., Reinck, C., D’Elia, P., Sano, S. D., & Casale, G. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-00825-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Al-Sowaidi, B., & Clarke, A. (2025) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transforming the self: Individual-level changes arising from collaboration with generative AI
Nandagopal, S. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100232 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tekin, H., & Ciğerci, F. M. (2025) · Harran Education Journal · doi:10.22596/hej.1780337 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Xian, D., Zhao, Y., Sun, Y., Ren, Y., & Wang, C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-39778-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cano, E. V. (2026) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432261433774 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Competencias digitales docentes y su relación con el aprendizaje significativo escolar
Arroba-Vite, N. M., Morán-Castillo, G. G., Zamora-Moreno, Z. F., Reyes-Badillo, A. P., & Gurumendi-Luna, M. E. (2026) · Revista Científica Ciencia y Método · doi:10.55813/gaea/rcym/v4/n2/185 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
ЦИФРОВІ ОСВІТНІ РЕСУРСИ ЯК ЗАСІБ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗМІШАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ
Аніщенко, О. В., Котун, К. В., & Купальний, В. (2024) · UNESCO Chair Journal Lifelong Professional Education in the XXI Century · doi:10.35387/ucj.2(10).2024.0005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Unpacking Digital Literacies and Multiliteracies
Rocca, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-81318-4_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Eğitimde Yapay Zekâ Etiği ve Politikaları: Finlandiya, Güney Kore ve Türkiye Örneği
Özenç, Y. Y. (2025) · Siirt Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.58667/sedder.1777959 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Palsa, L., Fagerlund, J., & Mertala, P. (2025) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.10087 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gonzales, M. M., Brauckmann-Sajkiewicz, S., & Pashiardis, P. (2025) · Studies in educational leadership · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92064-6_17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Offermann, M., Karbstein, R., Lohrsträter, R., Großmann, N., Großschedl, J., Gussen, L., Kleinert, S. I., Schaal, S., Schaldach, P., & Wilde, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1656795 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Chen, M. (2025) · International Journal of Chinese Education · doi:10.1177/2212585x251409386 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Higueras-Rodríguez, L., Muñoz-López, J., García, M. M., & Rodríguez, C. L. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16010151 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Anugu, A. R., & Reddy, A. A. (2026) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2026.2616647 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of current didactic models in digital education: A systematic literature review
Vieira, I., Roberto, B., & Péres, P. (2026) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2025.100540 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AI for Equity in Inclusive Higher Education
Le, H. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-0976-5.ch007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Georgiadis, M., & Konstantinidis, C. (2026) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/emjb-11-2025-0438 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Garima, G., Verma, A., & Kaushik, M. B. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-06-2025-0494 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cambeses-Franco, C., & Cambeses-Franco, P. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14042-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mensah, F. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1670170 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Family supervision and digital competence in primary education students
Colón, A. M. O., Moreno, J. R., & Montoro, M. Á. (2025) · Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research · doi:10.1007/s44322-025-00044-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Editorial: Empowering Teacher Professionalization with Digital Competencies
Rubach, C., & Lazarides, R. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15070867 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Equipping Educators and Students for the Twin Transition
Serodes, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-97864-7_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Han, S., & Joung, Y. R. (2025) · Journal of Lifelong Learning Society · doi:10.26857/jlls.2025.8.21.3.49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring Debates on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Implications for Lifelong Education
Kuk, H.-S., Youn, C., & Heo, J. (2025) · Journal of Lifelong Learning Society · doi:10.26857/jlls.2025.8.21.3.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teaching Science with AI: How Preservice Teachers Perceive the Role of AI Tools in Science Education
Akşit, O. (2025) · Artificial intelligence · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1012592 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yaraş, Z., & Gündüzalp, S. (2025) · Quarterly review of distance education · doi:10.1108/qrde-10-2025-0020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cosmas, J. K. (2026) · Educational Dimension · doi:10.31812/ed.1046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ayasrah, M. N., & Almulla, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2026.2619142 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
El rol de la inteligencia artificial en el aula de educación básica: percepción del docente
Garza, R. M. F., Gómez, L. E. S., Gómez, A. D. L., & Muñoz, G. M. H. (2026) · INNOVACADEMIA · doi:10.29105/innoacad.v2i1.55 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gökşen, H., & Efeoğlu, İ. E. (2026) · Sosyal Mucit Academic Review · doi:10.54733/smar.1698504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuro-Symbolic AI for Personalized and Equitable Virtual Tutoring in Education
Fitas, R. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2637-5.ch001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Véliz, F. S. Q., Cobeña, J. E. A., Macías, D. G. L., et al. (2026) · Visión Académica · doi:10.70577/dq83qh68 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Arar, K. H., Özen, H., Polat, G., et al. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16040532 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Innovation, Technology, and Digital Transformation in Transnational Education (TNE)
Suntharalingam, P. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4427-0.ch002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Irreplaceable teachers in the AI era are teacher leaders
Ghamrawi, N., Shal, T., & Ghamrawi, N. A. R. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14006-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gabhann, C. M. (2026) · Ethics and Education · doi:10.1080/17449642.2026.2664872 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhu, M.-N., & Wang, C.-R. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies : Official Journal of the IFIP technical committee on Education · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14011-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Armendáriz, G. F. M., & Pastrana-Villota, B. O. (2026) · Innova Science Journal · doi:10.63618/omd/isj/v4/n2/260 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nadig, R. S., Shukla, T., & Nirban, V. S. (2026) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-08-2025-0691 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Baguinon, P. M. P., & Galay-Limos, J. A. (2026) · International Journal of Research Studies in Management · doi:10.5861/ijrsm.2026.26504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unlocking success: management students' perceptions of a smart campus experience
Al‐Marri, M., Sohail, M. S., Ankit, A., & Anwar, S. A. (2026) · Learning and Teaching in Higher Education Gulf Perspectives · doi:10.1108/lthe-12-2024-0008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Teacher leaders and policy making: Examining access, influence, and boundaries
Ghamrawi, N., & Al-Fadala, A. (2026) · Management in Education · doi:10.1177/08920206261451152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Apropiación tecnológica docente de la inteligencia artificial generativa en la universidad
Barrios, J. E. R., & Rodríguez, M. G. (2026) · Educación y Educadores · doi:10.5294/edu.2025.28.3.3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Selamet, C. S. (2026) · Interdisciplinary Educational Technology · doi:10.71176/interedtech/18570 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
User Readiness and AI Integration as Drivers of Smart Nano Learning in Mobile Environments
Chanyawudhiwan, G., & Mingsiritham, K. (2026) · International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) · doi:10.3991/ijim.v20i10.60759 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tüchler, A. F., & Cain, K. (2026) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/1467-9817.70029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Delahunty, T., & Bryan, A. (2026) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210.2026.2680424 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mengyu, L., Wang, H., Tlili, A., & Huang, R. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14073-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ICT teaching-learning practices and barriers in rural secondary schools of Bangladesh
Hasan, M. S., & Naomee, I. (2026) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education and Society · doi:10.20897/apjes/19181 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Student beliefs and attitudes towards creative thinking
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/3f408249-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/dda23012-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationПолітика цифрової освітньої інфраструктури у Данії
Котун, К. В. (2024) · Проблеми сучасних трансформацій Серія педагогіка · doi:10.54929/2786-9199-2024-5-04-01 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cabı, E. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13168-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ovcharuk, O. V. (2024) · UNESCO Chair Journal Lifelong Professional Education in the XXI Century · doi:10.35387/ucj.2(10).2024.0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digital Media in Teacher Professional Development: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Want to Go?
Munk, S., Ziernwald, L., Mitsostergios, G., & Holzberger, D. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000595 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A profile of an evaluation and assessment agency
OECD (2024) · Education policy pointers · doi:10.1787/318266a4-en · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationChukhlomin, V. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4784660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HCI and Data: Interacting in a New Era of VirtualizationPreprint
Durango, I., Gallud, J. A., & Penichet, V. M. R. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0508.v2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Policy Dialogues in Focus for Brazil
OECD (2024) · Education policy pointers · doi:10.1787/b6ec7886-en
Self-citationUNVEILING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: HOW DIGITIZATION TRANSFORMS ECONOMIC STRUCTURES
Abashidze, G. (2024) · Innovative economics and management · doi:10.46361/2449-2604.11.1.2024.17-26
The development and implementation of PISA: A collaborative effort
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/5bb596a9-en
Self-citationTechnical information for the released items from the PISA 2022 Creative Thinking assessment
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/eefdb163-en
Self-citationConstruction of indices from the student, school leader, teacher and parent context questionnaires
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/66f82a8d-en
Self-citationResults for countries and economies
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/6c626d79-en
Self-citationOECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/b734ae7f-en
Self-citationRanking countries’ and economies’ performance in PISA
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/3485a4ec-en
Self-citationStudent engagement with the PISA 2022 Creative Thinking assessment
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/240e18b7-en
Self-citationStudent performance in creative thinking
OECD (2024) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/a5d5f416-en
Self-citation
- Authors
- OECD
- Corresponding author
- OECD
- Venue
- OECD Digital Education Outlook
- Publisher
- OECD Publishing
- Published
- 2023-12-13
- ISSN
- 2788-8568 (ISSN-L)
- 2788-8576
- OpenAlex
- W4389676988
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 270 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 45 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 129.38
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Digital education outlook (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Educational Innovations and Challenges
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Digital Education and Society
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Global Educational Policies and Reforms
- Keywords
- digital education, educational technology, online learning, digital skills, education policy, OECD countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
