The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
The global prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, has reached epidemic proportions in the last few decades of the 20th century because of the obesity pandemic resulting from adverse lifestyles. Diabetes as a consequence of obesity (diabesity), continues to increase exponentially in the 21st century. Although there are a multitude of drugs for the effective management of diabesity with modest benefits, most patients will require insulin for control of diabetes at some stage that would worsen obesity, and thereby diabesity. Therefore, effective non-pharmacological therapy needs to be expedited in all patients with diabesity. These measures include medical nutrition interventions, change of lifestyles and bariatric surgery. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful for the effective management of even type 1 diabetes mellitus when used along with insulin therapy especially in those with obesity. This review summarises the current evidence base for the non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Given that diabetes is directly influenced by various lifestyle factors, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, weight management, increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and psychological support, are the cornerstones of nonpharmacological management of the condition [4,6-10].”
From Evaluation of the Impact of Mobile Health App Vitadio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
International Diabetes Federation 2017
Carracher, A. M., Marathe, P. H., & Close, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12644 · Cited by 13,379
Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
Jenkins, D. J., Wolever, T. M., Taylor, R. H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J. M., Bowling, A. C., Newman, H. C., Jenkins, A. L., & Goff, D. V. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.3.362 · Cited by 3,857 · cited 1×
“GL depends on the amount of carbohydrate present in a particular food item for digestion and absorption, and is calculated by measuring the carbohydrate content of the item, multiplied by its GI and divided by 100.(9,10) GL is a concept”
The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease
Lynch, S. V., & Pedersen, O. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1600266 · Cited by 3,637 · cited 1×
“In recent years, gut microbiome has been proposed to influence a multitude of physiological and pathological processes in human beings.(74) Marked changes in the gut microbiome after bariatric procedures have been shown to improve metabolic parameters and bodyweight in multiple studies.”
BackgroundEuropean Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442721 · Cited by 3,432
Vrieze, A., Van Nood, E., Holleman, F., Salojärvi, J., Kootte, R. S., Bartelsman, J. F. W. M., Dallinga–Thie, G. M., Ackermans, M. T., Serlie, M. J., Oozeer, R., et al. (2012) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031 · Cited by 2,913 · cited 1×
“People with T2DM receiving microbiota from normal individuals showed improvement in glycaemic control, emphasising the role of gut microbiota in metabolic control.(80) Germ-free mice receiving gut microbiota from post-bariatric surgery cases showed a reduction in body fat composition and lower respiratory quotient.”
BackgroundWeight and Type 2 Diabetes after Bariatric Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Buchwald, H., Estok, R., Fahrbach, K., Banel, D., Jensen, M. D., Pories, W. J., Bantle, J. P., & Sledge, I. (2009) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.041 · Cited by 2,551
Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery
Cummings, D. E., Weigle, D. S., Frayo, R. S., Breen, P. A., Marina, K., Dellinger, E. P., & Purnell, J. Q. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012908 · Cited by 2,271 · cited 1×
“Ghrelin (a gut hormone that stimulates hunger) level was found to be low after bariatric surgery, which suppress hunger signals in these participants.(73) These alterations in hormonal mechanisms positively affect the energy balance, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and glycaemic parameters to contribute to improv…”
BackgroundStandards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2012
(2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-s011 · Cited by 2,240
Fuller, N. R., Colagiuri, S., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Olson, A. D., Shrestha, R. N., Holzapfel, C., Wolfenstetter, S. B., Holle, R., Ahern, A. L., Hauner, H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.139 · Cited by 2,127
Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 3-Year Outcomes
Schauer, P. R., Bhatt, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Wolski, K., Brethauer, S. A., Navaneethan, S. D., Aminian, A., Pothier, C. E., Kim, E. S. H., Nissen, S. E., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1401329 · Cited by 1,901
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 118 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Liou AP, Paziuk M, Luevano JM Jr, et al. Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity. Sci Transl Med. 2013.27;5:178ra41. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–121 of 121
Influence of Camel Milk on the Hypoglycemic Effect of Metformin in Diabetic Rats
Jimoh, A. O., Tanko, A. I., Tukur, U. M., Abdullahi, S., & Otalike, E. G. (2022) · Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.3923/jpt.2023.25.31
Awan, F. A., & Ahmed, A. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256021
Medical students’ syndrome among medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abdulrahman, K. A. B., Bahmaid, R. A., Alrajhi, D. M., Alturki, B. A., Alhazani, F. A., & Alayed, F. T. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256035 · Cited by 3
Cockroach Allergy: Is It Common in Jeddah City? A retrospective study
Tayeb, M. M. S. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256028
Irritable gastrointestinal syndrome
Helvacı, M. R., Kayabasi, Y., Ceylan, A., Dede, G., Abyad, A., & Pocock, L. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256024
Symmetrical Posterior Lower Limb Bruising in A Qatar 2022 FIFA World Cup Fan – A Case Report
Awan, F. A., & Bhatti, S. T. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256034
Diabetic Care Challenges during COVID-19 Pandemic: Primary Healthcare Physicians’ Perspective
Alshahrani, A. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256032 · Cited by 1
http://www.mejfm.com/February%202023/Seasonal%20influenza.htm
Alfalogy, E. H., Hariri, N. H., Alqashqri, H. S., Alturki, Y., Alzhrani, R. M., & Alaboud, S. A. (2023) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2023.95256016
Pharmacists-led diabetes care in Nigeria (2000-2022): A systematic review
David, E. A., Soremekun, R. O., Abah, I. O., Katagum, M. Y., Amu, A. A., & Aderemi-Williams, R. I. (2023) · Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.51412/psnnjp.2023.2
Khan, S., Yousaf, H., Rafiq, H., Zamir, Z., Deen, A. M., Khan, T. M., Nauman, H., Nauman, S., & Khan, S. (2023) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20232701
Kodhek, A. O., Oguya, F., Cf, O., Ojwang, A., & Okeyo, I. (2023) · Nursing & Primary Care · doi:10.33425/2639-9474.1255
“[12].”
Bondzie, E. P. K., Amarteyfio, K. N. A. A., Jahan, Y., Afun, N. E. E., Agyekum, M. P., Tapsoba, L. D. G., Balabanova, D., Mirzoev, T. N., & Ayepong, I. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.28.24308066
Shahid, S., Aslam, M. A., Sharif, H., Najam-us-Sahar, Bilal, M., Sana, A., & Awais, S. (2024) · Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.61919/jhrr.v4i2.1008
Priani, S. E., Rahma, H., Suwendar, S., Mulyanti, D., Dewi, M. L., & Putri, S. J. (2024) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0225225
Jang, H., & Choi, S. H. (2024) · Physical therapy rehabilitation science · doi:10.14474/ptrs.2024.13.4.374
Comorbid symptoms in cancer patients and caring for the caregiver
Strander, S. M., Chiu, D., Temel, J. S., Jacobs, J. M., & Forst, D. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2025.2542245 · Cited by 1
“For instance, for patients with diabetes mellitus, non-pharmacologic management includes implementing a diabetic/low glycemic index diet as well as incorporating consistent physical activity into a daily routine (Raveendran et al., 2018).”
Dubey, V. P., Kansagra, J. J., Kamani, B. K., & Sureja, V. P. (2025) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.108467
Dubey, V. P., Kansagra, J. J., Sureja, V., & Kheni, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686359
Polosa, R., Adebisi, Y. A., Urbani, A., Russo, C., Mitri, J., Walicka, M., & HEAL ITALIA Delphi Study Group (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.95627
Pereira-Payo, D., Galán-Arroyo, C., Pérez‐Gómez, J., & Batista, M. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2645951
Metadata
- Authors
- Raveendran, A. V.
- Affiliations
- University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Raveendran, Arkiath V
- Venue
- European Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Touch Medical Media, Ltd.
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 31
- ISSN
- 1758-3772 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6182920
- OpenAlex
- W2891475665
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Keywords
- non-pharmacological treatment, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, obesity, diabesity, medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery, insulin therapy, obesity treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
