The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 46 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Indigenous communities and federal funding agencies in Canada have developed policy for ethical research with Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous scholars and communities have begun to expand the body of research regarding their peoples, and novel and innovative methods have begun to appear in the published literature. This review attempts to catalogue the wide array of Indigenous research methods in the peer-reviewed literature and describe commonalities among methods in order to guide researchers and communities in future method development. A total of 64 articles met inclusionary criteria and five themes emerged: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research, Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review catalogues peer-reviewed Indigenous research methods and identifies commonalities to guide future method development. From 2,310 initial records, 64 articles met inclusion criteria and five themes emerged: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research, Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.
Key findings
- The review identified five themes across 64 included articles: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.
- Across all five themes, the authors state that each Indigenous research method had three components: contextual reflection; respectful, reciprocal, decolonizing inclusion of Indigenous Peoples that preserves self-determination; and prioritization of Indigenous ways of knowing.
- The authors conclude that using an Indigenous method necessitates an Indigenous methodology, but an Indigenous methodology could be used with strictly Western methods, provided the Indigenous community involved determines preferred direction and approaches.
- Culture-specific methods included Kaupapa Māori, Tobacco Ties, talking circles, Sharing Circles, Anishnaabe symbol-based reflection, Two-Eyed Seeing, Dadirri, Sikolohiyang Pilipino methods, talanoa and faafaletui, and halaqah.
Methods
- Systematic review. Searches used Academic Search Premier, Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Bibliography of Native North Americans, CINAHL, ERIC, Indigenous Studies Portal, Native Health Database, NIICHRO, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, from December 30, 2015 to February 16, 2016.
- Search terms included variations such as Indigen* method*, Indigen* research*, Aborigin* method*, First Nation* research*, Métis research*, Inuit research*, tribal research*, Native research*, and Indian research*. Initial searches yielded 2,310 articles; 269 were retained by title/abstract review; 64 met inclusion criteria.
- Inclusion was limited to English-language articles. The authors purposefully did not define “Indigenous” before selecting studies, used an inductive approach, and did not implement a quality assessment procedure. Analysis by two researchers produced five themes.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the authors did not implement a quality assessment procedure because the study purpose was to investigate methods rather than results, and most studies would have received a “weak” rating and been removed because most quality assessment tools favour randomized controlled trial designs.
- Stated in the paper: the authors did not specify a definition of “Indigenous” prior to selecting studies, purposefully, to allow an inductive approach; only English articles were considered; and the review focused predominantly on Canadian Indigenous ethical policy through explicit search terms for recognized Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
- Evident from the text: because methods were included if identified as Indigenous by their users regardless of context, and because no formal quality appraisal was conducted, the review cannot establish the comparative effectiveness or methodological strength of the catalogued methods.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
45 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 9 Own method · 8 No basis given · 6 Own result
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 64 articles met inclusionary criteria and five themes emerged: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research, Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Following a more in-depth review of the article content, 64 were deemed to meet inclusionary criteria (see Appendix A for flowchart).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 64 articles met inclusionary criteria and five themes emerged: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research, Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Following analysis by two researchers, five themes emerged: General Indigenous Frameworks, Western Methods in an Indigenous Context, Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), Storytelling, and Culture-Specific Methods.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Autoethnography was also utilized in several research projects with Indigenous Peoples.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One of the explicit benefits of choosing an Indigenous research method is that situating yourself in the context is inherent in the process.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in the research process, a privilege that had historically been denied, was cited by many as a significant benefit (Elston et al., 2013;Le & Gobert, 2015;Raerino et al., 2013).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elston et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Le & Gobert, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Raerino et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many of the studies that utilized an Indigenous research method also employed a qualitative method for data collection (Cameron et al., 2014;Chinn, 2007;Dennis, 2014;Dyll-Myklebust, 2014;Elder & Kersten, 2015;Evans et al., 2009;Graveline, 2000;Helps & Barclay, 2015;Kovach, 2010;Lashua & Fox, 2006;Lavallée, 2009;Nakamura, 2013;O'Reilly-Scanlon et al., 2004;Roe, Zeitz, & Fredericks, 2012;Willox et a”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several other researchers chose to combine a variety of Indigenous research methods and frameworks within a single study.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kaupapa Māori was cited more often than any other culture-specific method uncovered in this review (McCleland, 2011;Smith, 1999).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Culture-Specific Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McCleland, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of the research methods presented in this review emphasized the importance of situating the researcher and/or the Indigenous group(s) involved in the research.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many Indigenous research methods and methodologies are also marked by innovation.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial searches, based on the keywords listed above, yielded 2,310 articles and a total of 269 were retained based on brief review of the title and abstract.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial searches, based on the keywords listed above, yielded 2,310 articles and a total of 269 were retained based on brief review of the title and abstract.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Storytelling was also the only method used in knowledge translation (Christensen, 2012).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christensen, 2012
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large number of studies utilized a specific Indigenous method-one that originates from the Indigenous group that is collaborating on the study and is unlikely to be translatable to another context.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Culture-Specific Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This process results in a combined Indigenous research paradigmauthethnographic approach (Smithers-Graeme, 2013).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smithers-Graeme, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, some articles discussed combinations of methods such as Indigenous research methods and participatory action research (Evans et al., 2009), Indigenous research methods and CBPR (Cameron et al., 2014), or an Indigenous research paradigm and autoethnography (Smithers-Graeme, 2013).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Cameron et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Smithers-Graeme, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“McIvor (2010) explicitly noted that her research method was an attempt to blend autoethnography with Indigenous research methods and paradigms.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McIvor, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous research methods are as diverse as the communities using them, making an encompassing definition of these methods difficult to obtain.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
In the paper
“The research team of Willox et al. (2013) identified shortcomings with the traditional storytelling method (e.g., perpetuating colonization through the data analysis phase) and engaged in problem solving around these issues, which resulted in the use of a digital storytelling method.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Willox et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This researcher evaluated her knowledge translation efforts and received positive feedback regarding ease of understanding and relatability (Christensen, 2012).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Christensen, 2012
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a broad use of such terminology within research communities, with limited generalized agreement regarding what Indigenous research is and how such endeavours differ from mainstream research practices.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OCAP™ standards were created to address government and academic self-regulation and to provide guidelines for research that were endorsed by Indigenous communities (FNIGC, 2014).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites FNIGC, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The similarities between storytelling (an Indigenous research method), autoethnography (which can be understood as telling one's own story), and the connection between the researcher and the participant(s) served as the rationale for this approach (McIvor, 2010).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McIvor, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A crucial consideration for researchers engaged in Indigenous research methods and frameworks is context.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, the conversational method in Indigenous research differs from its use in Western research in several ways: a connection to Indigenous knowledge, a location within an Indigenous paradigm, a relational nature, a purpose (which is often decolonizing), following a specific protocol that reflects the Indigenous knowledge, a flexible nature, collaboration, and reflexivity (Kovach, 2010).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovach, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Processes of adapting methods in order to meet Indigenous community expectations have produced methods that better incorporate Indigenous values, beliefs, and ways of knowing, facilitating research that is respectful, collaborative, and relational (Wilson, 2001).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The conversational method originated from storytelling and Kovach indicated that this method is found within Western research.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovach, 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, after reviewing the small selection of studies that did include primary research, the authors concluded that articles that did not include data collection but did outline theory related to Indigenous research methods represented important contributions to the literature that should be included in the current review.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Inclusionary Criteria
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These methods were included, regardless of the context in which they were used, to reduce the imposition of individual author evaluations of what constitutes as Indigenous research.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The incorporation and prioritization of such Indigenous values has resulted in the documentation and dissemination of many Indigenous research methods and methodologies (Kovach, 2010).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kovach, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Jones, Ingham, Cram, Dean, and Davies (2013) also indicated that photovoice is useful in traversing the divide that is presented between researchers and the Indigenous Peoples with whom they collaborate.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jones, Ingham, Cram, Dean, and Davies (2013)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this prioritization of Canadian populations, methods were considered to be Indigenous if they were identified as such by the people using them.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Smithers-Graeme (2013) suggested that researchers orient themselves using six questions proposed by Wilson (2008).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson, 2008
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This enhanced match between participant and method allows for a more collaborative research process, but may also be important in the healing process of Indigenous methods described by many researchers.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This method can also be thought of as a form of storytelling in which autobiography (stories about ourselves) and ethnography (stories about cultures) are combined (Lashua & Fox, 2006).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > General Indigenous Frameworks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lashua & Fox, 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout this review, a focus on predominantly Canadian Indigenous ethical policy, by using explicit search terms of recognized Indigenous Peoples in Canada, generated specific contextual knowledge.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indigenous research methods are what they need to be for the question they are trying to answer.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and this too is congruent with Indigenous ways of knowing”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial search for articles that included any of the search terms (n = 2,310)”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Additional information
plainn = 2,310- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles retained based on review of the title and abstract (n = 269)”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Additional information
plainn = 269- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors of this article also purposefully did not define”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the authors also concluded that using an Indigenous method necessitates an Indigenous methodology”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles that met the inclusion criteria (n = 64)”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Additional information
plainn = 64- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
In the paper
“Relationality is inherent in storytelling and this component can help to ensure that the participants are respected as equal partners in the uncovering of knowledge (Dyll-Mykelbust, 2014).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dyll-Mykelbust, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Articles excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria (n = 205)”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Additional information
plainn = 205- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Smith (1999) contrasted the general focus on economic gains of most research in New Zealand with the focus on reclaiming history and resources, such as land and water, of Kaupapa Māori.”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As yarning is already embedded in some Indigenous cultures, it can be a familiar and safe tool for research (Bessarab & Ng'andu, 2010).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bessarab & Ng'andu, 2010
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Careful listening is inherent in yarning, as one should be fully engaged in the conversation at hand (Russell-Mundine, 2007).”
§ Indigenous Research Methods: A Systematic Review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russell-Mundine, 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Indigenous Peoples, even those from the same location or group, are diverse.
“the authors recognize that Indigenous Peoples, even those from the same location or group, are diverse.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Any method or framework that an author determined to be Indigenous is appropriately classified as Indigenous for the purposes of the review.
“The authors of this article also purposefully did not define”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Given that Indigenous research flows from a relational epistemology (Drawson et al., 2017; Kurtz, 2013; Suárez-Krabbe, 2011; Wilson, 2008), theoretical approaches and philosophical positioning within Western methodologies that intersect with Indigenous research paradigms, such as autoethnographies for example (McIvor, 2010; Whitinui, 2014) potentiate pathways on which Indigenous and non-Indigenous”
From Accountability, Relationality and Indigenous Epistemology: Advancing an Indigenous Perspective on Academic Integrity (2022) · cites this paper as Drawson et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Though qualitative methods are often an appropriate Indigenous methodology and have dominated the literature on Indigenous research methods, they are not the only methods available for health research.”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Drawson et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, a recent systematic review conducted on Indigenous research methods (Drawson et al., 2017) does not include quantitative methods as an individual Indigenous research method, but only in combination with qualitative methods as “mixed methods.””
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Drawson et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There are ongoing adaptations of methodologies that better incorporate Indigenous values, beliefs, and ways of knowing, which ultimately lead to respectful, collaborative research that affirms community benefits and strengths and is relevant, relational, and responsive to community-driven priorities (Drawson, Toombs, & Mushquash, 2017; Kovach, 2009; Simonds & Christopher, 2013; Wilson, 2001).”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Drawson, Toombs, & Mushquash, 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This contextualization and positionality place:the research within the context of the data course(s). This means that the data collection, analysis, and interpretation may vary … compared to typically Western methods that are often highly standardized and where removing context from the research is paramount. (Drawson et al., 2017, p. 13, p. 13)”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Drawson et al., 2017
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In their systematic review of Indigenous research methodologies, Drawson et al. (2017) conclude that there are three standards across Indigenous research methods: contextual reflection (positionality), inclusion of Indigenous Peoples in respectful and reciprocal ways, and prioritizing Indigenous ways of knowing (p. 15).”
From Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada (2021) · cites this paper as Drawson et al., 2017
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Metadata
- Authors
- Drawson, A. S., Toombs, E., & Mushquash, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Lakehead University (CA)
- Venue
- International Indigenous Policy Journal
- Published
- 2017-03-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1916-5781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2609831456
- Semantic Scholar
- 181c9d80c6a371ec2407bd29781cf97aa65638d5
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Indigenous Policy Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (acceptedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Participatory Visual Research Methods
- Keywords
- Indigenous research methods, Indigenous research ethics, indigenous knowledge, community-based participatory research, storytelling, indigenous peoples
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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