Decolonising P acific research, building P acific research communities and developing P acific research tools: The case of the talanoa and the faafaletui in S amoa

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Tamasese et al. elaborate faafaletui is a methodology of weaving together knowledge from within the houses of relational arrangements, weaving together all different levels of knowledge frames from within the houses of collective representation to enhance and add to the Samoan world view.

“They elaborate that the faafaletui is 'a methodology of weaving together knowledge from within the houses of relational arrangements', that is, 'weaving (tui) together all the different levels of knowledge frames from within the”

• cites Tamasese et al., 2005 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Tamasese et al. describe faafaletui as a method that facilitates the gathering and validation of important knowledge within the culture.

“Faafaletui is described by Tamasese et al. (2005) as 'a method which facilitates the gathering and validation of important knowledge within the culture' (p.302).”

• cites Tamasese et al., 2005 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tamasese et al. note faafaletui is a Samoan concept brought to their notice by Samoan participants to explain the process in which they viewed themselves to be a part.

“They note that it is a Samoan concept that was brought to their notice by Samoan participants in their research 'to explain the process in which they viewed themselves to be a part' (Tamasese et al., 2005).”

• cites Tamasese et al., 2005 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The faafaletui concept was developed into a formal research methodology by Taimalieutu and her team and published, taking on a meaning beyond its usual or traditional confines.

“Similarly, while the concept faafaletui has been around in Samoan discourse for some time, it was not until Taimalieutu and her team developed it into a formal research methodology and published it in various places (most notably in the Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry) that it took on a meaning that went beyond its usual or traditional confines”

• cites Tamasese et al., 2005 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (p. 7) says the study developed Fa'afaletui into an innovative research method combining qualitative research principles with Samoan cultural processes. The Fa'afaletui method section (p. 3) identifies it as an existing Samoan concept. The paper does not identify Taimalieutu, establish publication in various places, or say that publication gave the concept a meaning beyond its traditional confines. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Many of the students and teachers were unsure of how best to apply talanoa and faafaletui as methods, and saw little difference in practice between them and an interview or focus group in terms of the general mechanics of carrying them out.

“Many of us, as expected, were unsure of how best to apply the talanoa and faafaletui as methods, and saw little difference in practice between them and an interview or focus group in terms of the general mechanics of actually carrying them out.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The common denominator in terms of practical methodological output for talanoa or faafaletui sessions and qualitative research interviews or focus groups was a narrative text.

“The common denominator in terms of practical methodological output for their talanoa or faafaletui sessions and qualitative research interviews or focus groups was a narrative text.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Talanoa as storying and/or dialogue existed in Samoa long before Saunimaa's time, used in homes, villages, churches, and weaving sessions for centuries.

“Talanoa as storying and/or dialogue, to my knowledge, existed in Samoa long before my time.And I am 63 years old.It was used in homes by parents and children, matai and families, villages and churches, by women at weaving sessions and so on, for centuries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The talanoa method was powerful for uncovering people's stories, especially when used informally for open discussions and spontaneous exchange of ideas.

“It was here that I found the method very powerful for uncovering people's stories especially when used as an informal way to allow for open discussions and the spontaneous exchange of ideas.”

May combine two claims.

For most of the 2012 cohort students, gaining exposure to talanoa and faafaletui was quite new and educational, and at the same time both identity affirming and challenging.

“For most of these students, gaining exposure to the talanoa and faafaletui was quite new and educational, and at the same time both identity affirming and challenging.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

They fast learnt that these practical questions were common to all research paradigms.

“They fast learnt that these practical questions were common to all research paradigms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Basically from what they could discern so far, there is little difference.

“Basically from what we could discern so far, there is little difference.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The issues of use of language (especially movement between Samoan and English), how to contextualise narratives (individually and as a collection), and how to make transparent researcher interpretations were key points for lively discussion and re-emphasised the importance of Michael Patton's wisdom.

“The issues of use of language (especially the movement between the Samoan and English languages), of how to contextualise the narratives (individually and as a collection) and how to make transparent researcher interpretations, were all key points for lively discussion and re-emphasised for us the importance of Michael Patton's wisdom mentioned earlier.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The way talanoa was used in class and the learning environment were conducive to creating rapport and genuine closeness among participants.

“The way the talanoa approach was used in class and the way the learning environment was arranged were conducive to creating rapport and genuine closeness between us as participants in our talanoa group.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In all three cases (Pacific research, Kaupapa Maori, pakapa-kapa), there is a deliberate pursuit of an enabling two-way conversation between researchers and between researchers and participants, a conversation that privileges a research process that always keeps at the forefront a respect for cultural context and meaning.

“In all three cases, there is the deliberate pursuit of an enabling two-way conversation between researchers and between researchers and participants, a conversation that privileges a research process that always keeps at the forefront a respect for cultural context and meaning, no matter what the research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tamasese et al. refer to their faafaletui sessions as 'faafaletui focus groups'.

“In Tamasese et al.'s case, they refer to their faafaletui sessions as 'faafaletui focus groups'.8”

• cites Tamasese et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The emphasis on ethno-cultural referencing as a key reference point for making sense of information gathered and of emotions and behaviours associated with collecting and reporting that information is suggested to be unique to the methodological design of both talanoa and faafaletui.

“The emphasis on ethno-cultural referencing as a key reference point for making sense of the information gathered and of the emotions and behaviours associated with collecting and reporting that information is what is suggested to be unique to the methodological design of both the talanoa and the faafaletui.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

By unpacking the idea of fale faafaletui and using it alongside aoaoga (learning), Lealiiee illustrates and brings together the aims of faafaletui and talanoa, suggesting they share a common purpose.

“By unpacking the idea of fale faafaletui in this way and using it alongside the term aoaoga or learning, Lealiiee illustrates and indeed brings together the aims of faafaletui and talanoa, and suggests that they share in the end a common purpose.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Talanoa and faafaletui are terms used by academic and social researchers in the Pacific to describe two research methodologies that claim meaning and significance from a common indigenous Pacific, particularly Polynesian, world view.

“'Talanoa' and 'Faafaletui' are terms used by academic and social researchers in the Pacific or Oceanic 1 region to describe two research methodologies that claim meaning and significance from a common indigenous Pacific, particularly Polynesian, world view.2”

• cites [2]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

According to Vaioleti, talanoa as research methodology is ecological, oral and interactive, and is a personal encounter where people story their issues, realities and aspirations.

“According to Vaioleti (2006), talanoa as research methodology is 'ecological, oral and interactive', it is 'a personal encounter where people story their issues, their realities and aspirations' (p.21).”

• cites Vaioleti, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As ethnic terms, talanoa and faafaletui stem from different, although related, linguistic roots.

“As ethnic terms, the talanoa and faafaletui stem from different, although related, linguistic roots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prescott (2008) includes interpretive constructivism within this list.

“This is supported by Prescott (2008), who includes within this list interpretive constructivism.”

• cites Prescott, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As formal research methodologies, talanoa and faafaletui assert conceptual origins traceable to Tongan, Samoan or Fijian roots.

“As formal research methodologies, they assert conceptual origins that can be traced back to Tongan, Samoan or Fijian roots.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is to unfairly limit Pacific research methodologies such as talanoa and faafaletui to the more qualitative fields of inquiry.

“Moreover, it is to unfairly limit Pacific research methodologies such as talanoa and faafaletui to the more qualitative fields of inquiry.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The cultural synthesising in talanoa implies bringing together the various strands of talk that emerge from the talanoa session and making sense of these through a cultural reading.

“The cultural synthesising suggested here implies the bringing together, as in the act of weaving together as suggested by Tamasese et al. in their faafaletui, the various strands of 'talk' that emerge from the talanoa session, and making sense of these through a cultural reading.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

After discussion with Samoan elders, it was decided that Samoan or Pacific researchers could extend the meanings of words such as faafaletui or talanoa to meet specific or new research purposes, provided they first make clear their original or usual meanings.

“In other words, after some debate it was decided that there was no reason why we, as Samoan or Pacific researchers, could not extend the meanings of words such as faafaletui or talanoa to meet specific or new research purposes, provided of course that we are careful not to inscribe in them new meanings without first making clear what their original or usual meanings were or are.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Vaioleti describes talanoa as belonging to the phenomenological research family, along with qualitative research, grounded theory, naturalistic inquiry and ethnography.

“Vaioleti (2006) describes talanoa as belonging '[a]long with qualitative research, grounded theory, naturalistic inquiry and ethnography . . . to the phenomenological research family' (p.25).”

• cites Vaioleti, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lealiiee Tofilau T. Taleni describes the new Pasifika Talanoa centre at Christchurch College of Education as 'fale faafaletui o aoaoga', translated as a house or place for weaving, collaborating and nurturing thinking about teaching and learning.

“The cultural and metaphorical significance of the 'fale' or house/s suggested by Tamasese et al., is elaborated on by Lealiiee Tofilau T. Taleni (2011) in his description of the new Pasifika Talanoa centre at the Christchurch College of Education.In Samoan, he describes this new centre as a 'fale faafaletui o aoaoga', which he translates as 'a house or place for weaving, collaborating and nurt”

• cites Taleni, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Teevale et al. (2012) talk about 'openended talanoa styled interviews'.

“For Teevale et al. (2012), they talk about 'openended talanoa styled interviews'.”

• cites Teevale et al., 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This fale resonates with Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann's fonofale model used widely by the Aotearoa New Zealand Pacific health sector as a health belief model.

“This fale resonates with Fuimaono Karl Pulotu-Endemann's fonofale model (Ministry of Health, 2008, see appendix, pp.30-31) used widely by the Aotearoa New Zealand Pacific health sector as a health belief model (Suaalii-Sauni et al., 2009b).”

• cites Ministry of Health, 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Suaalii-Sauni et al., 2009bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This wisdom applies equally across life stories, life histories, interviews, talanoa and faafaletui sessions.

“This wisdom applies equally across life stories, life histories, interviews, talanoa and faafaletui sessions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Samoan, faafaletui by its semantic origins tends to involve closed group discussions of a serious nature.

“In Samoan, the faafaletui, by its semantic origins, tends to involve closed group discussions of a serious nature.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Such storying, whether deep, serious or casual, is carried out using a process focused on building culturally appropriate and respectful relationships, not only between researcher and participant, but also between researchers themselves.

“Such storying, whether deep, serious or casual, is carried out using a process that is focused on building culturally appropriate and respectful relationships, not only between researcher and participant, but also between researchers themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

At present, there is a necessity for Pacific researchers to describe their use of talanoa or faafaletui in ways that suggest them to be synonymous with European-termed social research methods, such as the focus group or interview.

“At present, there is a necessity for Pacific researchers to describe their use of talanoa or faafaletui in ways that suggest them to be synonymous with European-termed social research methods, such as the focus group or interview.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

While there are some differences between talanoa and faafaletui in conceptual focus, both are metaphors used to describe a process of storying and gathering of narratives.

“While there are some differences between the talanoa and faafaletui in terms of their conceptual focus, both are metaphors used to describe a process of storying and gathering of narratives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The formal character or seriousness associated with the faafaletui concept may be traced to an old Samoan story associated with the term.

“The formal character or seriousness associated with the faafaletui concept may be traced to an old Samoan story associated with the term.”

• cites Suaalii-Sauni, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

In using Indigenous terms to represent research methodologies that carry Pacific values, there is a better chance of transporting these values across multicultural and multiethnic domains and across generations.

“In using our own Indigenous terms to represent research methodologies that carry our Pacific values, we stand a better chance of transporting these values across not only multicultural and multiethnic domains, but also across the generations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To suggest that talanoa and faafaletui as research methodologies are merely part of the family of phenomenological research risks making Indigenous world views, including forms of communication, subservient to the different world views that dominate phenomenology.

“To suggest that talanoa and faafaletui as research methodologies are merely part of the family of phenomenological research is, in our view, to risk making our Indigenous world views (including our forms of communication) subservient to the different world views that dominate phenomenology. 9”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Timote Vaioleti is mostly cited as the original articulator of the talanoa research methodology.

“He is mostly cited as the original articulator of the talanoa research methodology.”

May combine two claims.

Talanoa and faafaletui were introduced to the academic world by Pacific researchers Sitiveni Halapua, Timote Vaioleti, and Taimalieutu Kiwi Tamasese with her team.

“They were introduced, respectively, to the academic world by Pacific researchers Sitiveni Halapua (see Halapua and Halapua, n.d.;Halapua, 2007;Halapua, 2008), Timote Vaioleti (see Vaioleti, 2006; see also Vaioleti and Vaioleti, 2003), and Taimalieutu Kiwi Tamasese (along with her Pacific research team at the Wellington Family Centre). 4”

• cites Halapua and Halapua, n.d.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vaioleti, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tamasese et al., 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sitiveni Halapua is recorded in the literature as also using the talanoa concept, but as a Pacific method for negotiating dialogue between national bodies towards conflict resolution, and did so prior to Vaioleti's joint 2003 publication.

“Sitiveni Halapua, also a Tongan academic and working for the United States East-West Centre at the time as Director of its Pacific Islands Development Program, is recorded in the literature as also using the talanoa concept, but as a Pacific method for negotiating dialogue between national bodies towards conflict resolution.And, he is recorded as doing so prior to Vaioleti's joint 2003 publication”

• cites Vaioleti and Vaioleti, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The genealogy of the talanoa as a formal Pacific methodology can be traced back to the two Tongan authors, Vaioleti and Halapua.

“The genealogy of the talanoa as a formal Pacific methodology (for eliciting dialogue at least) can be traced back to the two Tongan authors, Vaioleti and Halapua.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The term talanoa, whether shorthand for talanoa faasamasamanoa or talanoaga, is more open, encouraging any kind of talk between any persons or groups, in group and/or one-on-one settings.

“The term talanoa, on the other hand, whether shorthand for talanoa faasamasamanoa or talanoaga is more open, encouraging any kind of talk to happen between any persons or groups of persons, either or both in group and/or one-on-one settings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As explained by Vaioleti, Halapua, Tamasese et al. and others, talanoa and faafaletui as methodologies and methods seem to privilege a process of storying that wherever possible is open and face to face.

“As explained by Vaioleti, Halapua and Tamasese et al. (and all those who have since extended on them, such as Fletcher, n.d.; Otsuka, 2006;Prescott, 2008;McCarthy et al., 2010;Havea, 2010;Marsh, 2010;Otunuku, 2011;Farrelly and Nabobo-Baba, 2012), the talanoa and faafaletui as methodologies and methods seem to privilege a process of storying that wherever possible is open and face to face.”

• cites VaioletiNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites HalapuaNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tamasese et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

If such terms, frameworks and methods are well understood, owned and disseminated through rigorous debate and critique, they can make a serious contribution towards decolonising research theories and practices.

“If such terms, and the frameworks and methods they describe are well understood, owned and disseminated, through rigorous debate and critique, they can make a serious contribution towards decolonising our research theories and practices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The seriousness of the issue in the story gives nuance to the idea of faafaletui involving group discussions where participants are carefully selected and proceedings are geared towards seriously trying to find resolve of a serious issue.

“The seriousness of this issue, like the seriousness of Halapua's (2013) national conflict resolution settings, gives nuance to the idea of faafaletui involving group discussions where participants are carefully selected and proceedings are geared towards seriously trying to find some resolve of a serious issue.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The author chose talanoa and faafaletui because as Indigenous Pacific concepts they speak directly to the phenomenon of talking, storying or narrativising.

“I chose the talanoa and faafaletui because they, as Indigenous Pacific concepts, speak directly to the phenomenon of talking, storying or narrativising.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Talanoa and faafaletui as Indigenous Pacific concepts speak directly to the phenomenon of talking, storying or narrativising.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Michael Patton's point is that when dealing with narrative text, there are no formulas for determining significance, no straightforward tests for reliability and validity, no absolute rules, but to do the very best with full intellect to fairly represent the information gathered.

“Their actual engagement in the practice exercises and in reflecting on the readings were intended to impress on them Michael Patton's (1990: 372) point that when dealing with narrative text, 'there are no formulas for determining significance . . .no straightforward tests for reliability and validity . . ., there are no absolute rules', but 'to do the very best with your full intellect to fairly”

• cites Patton, 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Lealiiee explains the 'fale faafaletui o aoaoga' has four key domains: faavae (foundation), fola (floor), pou (pillars), and taualuga (roof).

“Lealiiee explains that this 'fale faafaletui o aoaoga' has four key domains: the faavae or foundation; the fola or floor; the pou or pillars; and the taualuga or roof.”

• cites Taleni, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lealiiee explains the foundation represents cultural values and principles relevant to learning, teaching and communicating; the fola represents gestures of inclusivity and openness to collaboration and weaving of knowledge through faafaletui and talanoa; the pillars represent ideas, programmes, initiatives and implementation processes that support and transform teaching and learning; the roof代表保护

“He explains that the foundation represents cultural values and principles relevant to learning, teaching and communicating.The fola is a mat that goes on the floor and represents gestures of 'inclusivity and openness to collaboration and the weaving of knowledge', which occurs 'through [both] the processes of faafaletui and talanoa'.The pillars represent 'ideas, programmes, initiatives and”

• cites Taleni, 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Vaioleti says talanoa allows more mo'oni (pure, real, authentic) information to be available for Pacific research than data derived from other research methods.

“He says that talanoa 'allows more mo'oni (pure, real, authentic) information to be available for Pacific research than data derived from other research methods' (Vaioleti, 2006).”

• cites Vaioleti, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Research and teaching partnerships between senior and junior Pacific academic researchers who work with Pacific peoples benefit most when there is deliberate and mutual sharing and probing of Pacific and Western epistemologies inherent in contemporary Pacific research.

“Research and teaching partnerships between senior and junior Pacific academic researchers who work with Pacific peoples benefit most, in our experience, when there is deliberate and mutual sharing and probing of Pacific and Western epistemologies inherent in contemporary Pacific research.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Talanoa refers to loose, casual conversation where there is no view from the outset to discuss anything of serious importance.

“Talanoa refers to loose, casual conversation where there is no view from the outset to come together to discuss anything of serious importance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although using talanoa or faafaletui as a methodological framework for quantitative research had not yet been done, it is theoretically possible.

“I also reflected in class that although using the talanoa or faafaletui as a methodological framework for quantitative research had not yet been done, it is theoretically possible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Using talanoa or faafaletui in the Samoan classroom or research field could allow co-creation of new knowledge.

“If one uses talanoa (or even faafaletui) in the Samoan classroom or in the research field, there could be opportunity for the co-creation of new knowledge.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

What they did was engage the principles of building a culturally appropriate relationship with village representatives before entering the village, and they respected these relational protocols throughout the data collection process up until the final stage of disseminating findings back to them face to face.

“What we did was engage the principles of building a culturally appropriate relationship with village representatives before entering the village, and we respected these relational protocols throughout the data collection process up until the final stage of disseminating our findings back to them face to face.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fagogo are bedtime stories usually told to children in Samoan.

“Fagogo are, in the Samoan language, bedtime stories usually told to children (Kolone-Collins, 2010).”

• cites Kolone-Collins, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Talanoa has an element of fagogo.

“I believe this method of 'talanoa' has an element of the fagogo.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pacific or Pasifika research as an academic concept and practice is currently more commonly understood by the Pacific research community in Aotearoa New Zealand to be separate from Kaupapa Maori and from pakapa-kapa.

“However, in growing largely out of Aotearoa New Zealand, Pacific or Pasifika research as an academic concept and practice is currently more commonly understood by the Pacific research community in Aotearoa New Zealand, to be separate to Kaupapa Maori and to those such as pakapa-kapa from Asian Pacific rim countries.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

People with their cultural and personality traits, idiosyncrasies, knowledges and skills bring partnerships to life.

“It is people, with all their cultural and personality traits, idiosyncrasies, knowledges and skills, that bring to life these partnerships.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Both talanoa and faafaletui present exciting possibilities for developing a new dimension to doing research and being researched in Samoa.

“We now draw our reflections here to a close by saying that both the talanoa and the faafaletui present exciting possibilities for developing a new dimension to the experience of doing research and of being researched in Samoa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pratt's Samoan dictionary divides talanoa into tala meaning to chat/converse together and noa meaning of no account, without object, without cause, without fastening.

“In searching for the meaning of talanoa, I found that in Pratt's Samoan dictionary of language and grammar, he, like the Tongan linguists, divides the term into 'tala' which is defined as 'to chat, converse together' (Pratt, 1960: 314), and 'noa' as meaning 'of no account, without object, without cause and without fastening' (Pratt, 1960: 234).”

• cites Pratt, 1960Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The general rules of analysis are largely the same: do the very best you can with your full intellect to fairly represent the information gathered.

“The general rules of analysis are largely the same: do the very best you can with your full intellect to fairly represent the information gathered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In Samoan, talanoa and faafaletui refer to two different kinds of talk or talking processes.

“It is important to note here that in the Samoan language, the words 'talanoa' and 'faafaletui' refer to two different kinds of talk or talking processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Pacific research terms such as talanoa and faafaletui, when used to describe a research methodology, necessitate closer attention to the world views they carry.

“Pacific research terms such as the talanoa and faafaletui, when used to describe a research methodology, necessitates closer attention to the world views they carry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The terms talanoa and faafaletui carry a world view and a way of knowing and doing that shape researcher-participant and researcher-researcher encounters and relationships.

“The talanoa and faafaletui are terms that encapsulate, carry and signal a world view, a way of knowing and doing that define and guide encounters and relationships between researchers and participants and between researchers themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Decolonisation in research happens best when people come together in deep empathic ways.

“And, it is when people come together in these deep empathic ways that the process of decolonisation in research happens best.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a need to decolonise Pacific research.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

People negotiate on behalf of their institutions and countries the whats, hows, whens and whys of research, teaching, funding and so on.

“It is people who negotiate on behalf of their institutions and countries the whats, hows, whens and whys of research, teaching, funding and so on.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Husserlian and Heideggerian phenomenological approaches are steeped in a particular cultural (German Christian) reference and use German terms.

“In terms of phenomenology, these traditions include that described as 'Husserlian' or 'Heideggerian' phenomenological approaches.Both are steeped in and begin with a particular cultural (German Christian) reference and use German terms (such as Dasein and Lebenswelt) to help illustrate the conceptual foundations of their respective approaches.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Samoa, talanoa can also mean talk nonsense or gossiping, described as faitala.

“'Talanoa', he says, can also mean 'to talk nonsense' (Pratt, 1893: 297).I know that in Samoa there sometimes is 'talanoa' or talk in this latter sense, described as 'faitala' or 'gossiping' -it is still 'talanoa' or talk, although not necessarily very nice talk.”

• cites Pratt, 1893Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Because of the way they conducted basic epidemiology and questionnaire work with the Samoan villages (Lotuanuu, Fusi-Saoluafata and Vaiala) over the three-year period, it could be said that what they did fell quite comfortably within either the scope of a talanoa or faafaletui research methodology.

“In reflecting on this, it seemed to me that because of the way in which we conducted our basic epidemiology and questionnaire work with the Samoan villages (Lotuanuu, Fusi-Saoluafata and Vaiala) over the three-year period, it could be said that what we did fell quite comfortably within either the scope of a talanoa or faafaletui research methodology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In getting students to summarise key themes from transcripts and walking them through analysis and narrating the summary, they were given a hands-on opportunity to appreciate the cautionary note that if their faafaletui and talanoa texts were not deliberately brought together as representative texts of a population or community group, then they must avoid in summary talking about their talanoa and

“Moreover, in getting students to actually summarise the key themes arising from their transcripts and walking them through the analysis of those themes and then the narrating of the summary, they were given a handson opportunity to appreciate the cautionary note that if their faafaletui and talanoa texts were not deliberately brought together as representative texts of a population or community”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People interpret what Kabini Sanga describes as value-free and value-bound research.

“It is people that interpret what Kabini Sanga (2004) describes as value-free and value-bound research.”

• cites Kabini Sanga (2004)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The OU-NUS partnership is made real through people.

“Like any other institutional arrangement, the partnership between OU and NUS is made real through and by people.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Students were advised to be very careful how they worded their findings so as not to suggest that their participants' views were representative of all those like them.

“In other words, students were advised to be very careful how they worded their findings so as not to suggest that their participants' views were representative of all those like them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Their responses signal the potential of Pacific research tools such as talanoa and faafaletui for places like Samoa.

“Their responses signal the potential of Pacific research tools such as the talanoa and faafaletui for places like Samoa.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Phenomenology, like other social science methodologies, begins with a concern for universal knowledge.

“Moreover, we are mindful that phenomenology, like other social science methodologies, begin with a concern for universal knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The actual doing and thinking exercises of phenomenological research require a clear understanding of the underlying philosophical and cultural traditions associated with them.

“the actual doing and thinking exercises associated with these research processes, however, require a clear understanding of the underlying philosophical and cultural traditions associated with them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Pacific indigenous research, including talanoa and faafaletui, begins with a concern for ethnic specific knowledge and the protection of an ethnic, pan-ethnic or Indigenous heritage.

“Pacific indigenous research, to which the talanoa and faafaletui belong, begins by contrast with a concern for ethnic specific knowledge and the protection of an ethnic, pan-ethnic or Indigenous heritage.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Faafaletui implies coming together for the specific purpose of discussing a serious matter and finding a resolution where possible or necessary.

“Faafaletui, on the other hand, does indeed, as Tamasese et al. explain, imply the idea of coming together for the specific purpose of discussing a serious matter and finding, where possible or if necessary, a resolution.”

• cites Tamasese et al.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.