An “Integrative Survey on Mental Health Conversational Agents to Bridge Computer Science and Medical Perspectives”
Open accessAbstract
Mental health conversational agents (a.k.a. chatbots) are widely studied for their potential to offer accessible support to those experiencing mental health challenges. Previous surveys on the topic primarily consider papers published in either computer science or medicine, leading to a divide in understanding and hindering the sharing of beneficial knowledge between both domains. To bridge this gap, we conduct a comprehensive literature review using the PRISMA framework, reviewing 534 papers published in both computer science and medicine. Our systematic review reveals 136 key papers on building mental health-related conversational agents with diverse characteristics of modeling and experimental design techniques. We find that computer science papers focus on LLM techniques and evaluating response quality using automated metrics with little attention to the application while medical papers use rule-based conversational agents and outcome metrics to measure the health outcomes of participants. Based on our findings on transparency, ethics, and cultural heterogeneity in this review, we provide a few recommendations to help bridge the disciplinary divide and enable the cross-disciplinary development of mental health conversational agents.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is an acknowledged lack of research in this area.
“There is an acknowledged lack of research in this area45,46.”
From “It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Development of NLP-Integrated Intelligent Web System for E-Mental Health
Hassan, A., Ali, M. D. I., Ahammed, R., Bourouis, S., & Khan, M. M. (2021) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2021/1546343 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
RetractedThe PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · see citing works
Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.14165 · Cited by 23,372 · see citing works
BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
Papineni, K., Roukos, S., Ward, T., & Zhu, W.-J. (2001) · Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics - ACL '02 · doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135 · Cited by 21,344 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005 · Cited by 19,575 · see citing works
Kaugeranna, R., Kaugeranna, E., & Aion, (. S. 4. 6. (2023) · DROPS (Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics) · doi:10.4230/lipics.giscience.2023.43 · Cited by 13,695 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 · Cited by 12,156 · see citing works
(2004) · Cited by 9,718 · see citing works
SUS: A 'Quick and Dirty' Usability Scale
(1996) · Usability Evaluation In Industry · doi:10.1201/9781498710411-35 · Cited by 8,989 · see citing works
The WHO-5 well-being index: A systematic review of the literature
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000376585 · Cited by 4,708 · see citing works
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Weizenbaum, J. (1966) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/365153.365168 · Cited by 4,452 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, K. K., Darcy, A., & Vierhile, M. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.7785 · Cited by 2,730 · see citing works
DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Bell, C. C. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520100096046 · Cited by 2,608 · see citing works
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., Schroevers, M. J., & Somsen, G. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-008-9136-5 · Cited by 2,487 · see citing works
Treatment gap in mental health care.
Abramowitz, M. Z., Greenberg, D., & Levav, I. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 1,482 · see citing works
The treatment gap in mental health care.
(2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,419 · see citing works
Conversational agents in healthcare: a systematic review
Laranjo, L., Dunn, A. G., Tong, H. L., Kocaballi, A. B., Chen, J., Bashir, R., Surian, D., Gallego, B., Magrabi, F., Lau, A. Y. S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy072 · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
DIALOGPT : Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response Generation
Zhang, Y., Sun, S., Galley, M., Chen, Y.-C., Brockett, C., Gao, X., Gao, J., Liu, J., & Dolan, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.acl-demos.30 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Inkster, B., Sarda, S., & Subramanian, V. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.12106 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape
Vaidyam, A. N., Wisniewski, H., Halamka, J. D., Kashavan, M. S., & Torous, J. B. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719828977 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Chatbots applications in education: A systematic review
Okonkwo, C. W., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2021) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100033 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Quantifying the global burden of mental disorders and their economic value
Arias, D., Saxena, S., & Verguet, S. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101675 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review
Abd-alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Alalwan, A. A., Bewick, B. M., Gardner, P., & Househ, M. (2019) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.103978 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Munder, T., Wilmers, F., Leonhart, R., Linster, H. W., & Barth, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.658 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Stigma and disclosure: Implications for coming out of the closet
CORRIGAN, P., & MATTHEWS, A. (2003) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0963823031000118221 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Rasa: Open Source Language Understanding and Dialogue ManagementPreprint
Bocklisch, T., Faulkner, J., Pawlowski, N., & Nichol, A. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.05181 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Ly, K. H., Ly, A.-M., & Andersson, G. (2017) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.10.002 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
"I Hear You, I Feel You": Encouraging Deep Self-disclosure through a Chatbot
Lee, Y.-C., Yamashita, N., Huang, Y., & Fu, W. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376175 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Bang, Y., Cahyawijaya, S., Lee, N., Dai, W., Su, D., Wilie, B., Lovenia, H., Ji, Z., Yu, T., Chung, W., et al. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2302.04023 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Survey of conversational agents in health
Montenegro, J. L. Z., da Costa, C. A., & da Rosa Righi, R. (2019) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.03.054 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Perceptions and opinions of patients about mental health chatbots: scoping review
Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Alajlani, M., Ali, N., Denecke, K., Bewick, B. M., & Househ, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17828 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Liu, H., Peng, H., Song, X., Xu, C., & Zhang, M. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100495 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Conversational agents in the treatment of mental health problems: mixed-method systematic review
Gaffney, H., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2019) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/14166 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Morris, R. R., Kouddous, K., Kshirsagar, R., & Schueller, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/10148 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Greer, S., Ramo, D., Chang, Y.-J., Fu, M., Moskowitz, J., & Haritatos, J. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15018 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Effectiveness of an Empathic Chatbot in Combating Adverse Effects of Social Exclusion on Mood
de Gennaro, M., Krumhuber, E. G., & Lucas, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03061 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
GPT-4 is here: what scientists think
Sanderson, K. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00816-5 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Darcy, A., Daniels, J., Salinger, D., Wicks, P., & Robinson, A. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/27868 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
DialoGPT: Large-Scale Generative Pre-training for Conversational Response GenerationPreprint
Zhang, Y., Sun, S., Galley, M., Chen, Y.-C., Brockett, C., Gao, X., Gao, J., Liu, J., & Dolan, B. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.00536 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Kendra, M., Baiocchi, M., Pajarito, S., & Robinson, A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24850 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A Mental Health Chatbot for Regulating Emotions (SERMO) - Concept and Usability Test
Denecke, K., Vaaheesan, S., & Arulnathan, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing · doi:10.1109/tetc.2020.2974478 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Beatty, C., Malik, T., Meheli, S., & Sinha, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.847991 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
A Taxonomy of Ethical Tensions in Inferring Mental Health States from Social Media
Chancellor, S., Birnbaum, M. L., Caine, E. D., Silenzio, V. M. B., & De Choudhury, M. (2019) · Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · doi:10.1145/3287560.3287587 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Klos, M. C., Escoredo, M., Joerin, A., Lemos, V. N., Rauws, M., & Bunge, E. L. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/20678 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Yamashita, N., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3392836 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The Internal State of an LLM Knows When It's Lying
Azaria, A., & Mitchell, T. (2023) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2304.13734 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
He, Y., Yang, L., Zhu, X., Wu, B., Zhang, S., Qian, C., & Tian, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40719 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Internal State of an LLM Knows When It’s Lying
Azaria, A., & Mitchell, T. (2023) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.68 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Sweeney, C., Potts, C., Ennis, E., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M. D., O’Neill, S. M., Malcolm, M., Kuosmanen, L., Kostenius, C., Vakaloudis, A., et al. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3453175 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Rathnayaka, P., Mills, N., Burnett, D., Silva, D. D., Alahakoon, D., & Gray, R. J. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103653 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Pian, W. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103074 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
When the Social Becomes Non-Human: Young People's Perception of Social Support in Chatbots
Bae Brandtzæg, P. B., Skjuve, M., Kristoffer Dysthe, K. K., & Følstad, A. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445318 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Park, G., Chung, J., & Lee, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03932-z · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Co-developing a Mental Health and Wellbeing Chatbot With and for Young People
Grové, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.606041 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Designing a Chatbot for a Brief Motivational Interview on Stress Management: Qualitative Case Study
Park, S., Choi, J., Lee, S., Oh, C., Kim, C., La, S., Lee, J., & Suh, B. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12231 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
The Development and Use of Chatbots in Public Health: Scoping Review
Wilson, L., & Mărăşoiu, M. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/35882 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Howcroft, D. M., Belz, A., Clinciu, M., Gkatzia, D., Hasan, S. A., Mahamood, S., Mille, S., van Miltenburg, E., Santhanam, S., & Rieser, V. (2020) · International Conference on Natural Language Generation · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.inlg-1.23 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Technical Aspects of Developing Chatbots for Medical Applications: Scoping Review
Safi, Z., Abd-Alrazaq, A. A., Khalifa, M., & Househ, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/19127 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Chatbots to Support Young Adults’ Mental Health: An Exploratory Study of Acceptability
Koulouri, T., Macredie, R. D., & Olakitan, D. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3485874 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
EMMA: an emotion-aware wellbeing chatbot
Ghandeharioun, A., McDuff, D., Czerwinski, M., & Rowan, K. (2019) · 2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII) · doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925455 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Gabrielli, S., Rizzi, S., Bassi, G., Carbone, S., Maimone, R., Marchesoni, M., & Forti, S. (2021) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/27965 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Chatbot for Depression: Descriptive Study of Usage.
Dosovitsky, G., Pineda, B. S., Jacobson, N. C., Chang, C., Escoredo, M., & Bunge, E. L. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/17065 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Prochaska, J. J., Vogel, E. A., Chieng, A., Baiocchi, M., Maglalang, D. D., Pajarito, S., Weingardt, K. R., Darcy, A., & Robinson, A. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108986 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Health-focused conversational agents in person-centered care: a review of apps
Parmar, P., Ryu, J., Pandya, S., Sedoc, J., & Agarwal, S. (2022) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-022-00560-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationSuganuma, S., Sakamoto, D., & Shimoyama, H. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10454 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Preliminary Evaluation of the Engagement and Effectiveness of a Mental Health Chatbot
Daley, K., Hungerbuehler, I., Cavanagh, K., Claro, H. G., Swinton, P. A., & Kapps, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2020.576361 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Beilharz, F., Sukunesan, S., Rossell, S. L., Kulkarni, J., & Sharp, G. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27807 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Chung, K., Cho, H. Y., & Park, J. Y. (2020) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/18607 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Creating New Technologies for Companionable Agents to Support Isolated Older Adults
Sidner, C. L., Bickmore, T., Nooraie, B., Rich, C., Ring, L., Shayganfar, M., & Vardoulakis, L. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3213050 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Wang, R., & Pu, C. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221090031 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Alexa as Coach: Leveraging Smart Speakers to Build Social Agents that Reduce Public Speaking Anxiety
Wang, J., Yang, H. J., Shao, R., Abdullah, S., & Sundar, S. S. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376561 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chatbot-Based Assessment of Employees’ Mental Health: Design Process and Pilot Implementation
Hungerbuehler, I., Daley, K., Cavanagh, K., Garcia Claro, H., & Kapps, M. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/21678 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Validity of Chatbot Use for Mental Health Assessment: Experimental Study
Schick, A., Feine, J., Morana, S., Maedche, A., & Reininghaus, U. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/28082 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Bennion, M. R., Hardy, G. E., Moore, R. K., Kellett, S., & Millings, A. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16794 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Rahman, R., Rahman, M. R., Tripto, N. I., Ali, M. E., Apon, S. H., & Shahriyar, R. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445694 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Co-design for a Competency Self-assessment Chatbot and Survey in Science Education
Durall, E., & Kapros, E. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Effect of Emojis when interacting with Conversational Interface Assisted Health Coaching System
Fadhil, A., Schiavo, G., Wang, Y., & Yilma, B. A. (2018) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3240925.3240965 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Valtolina, S., & Hu, L. (2021) · Biannual Conference of the Italian SIGCHI Chapter (CHItaly) · doi:10.1145/3464385.3464726 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Towards Understanding Emotional Intelligence for Behavior Change Chatbots
Ghandeharioun, A., McDuff, D., Czerwinski, M. P., & Rowan, K. (2019) · International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction and workshops · doi:10.1109/acii.2019.8925433 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Investigating Students’ Use of a Mental Health Chatbot to Alleviate Academic Stress
Nieva, J. O. D., Joaquin, J. A., Tan, C. B., Te, R. K. M., & Ong, E. (2020) · International HCI and UX Conference in Indonesia (CHIuXiD) · doi:10.1145/3431656.3431657 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Noble, J. M., Zamani, A., Gharaat, M., Merrick, D., Maeda, N., Lambe Foster, A., Nikolaidis, I., Goud, R., Stroulia, E., Agyapong, V. I. O., et al. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/33717 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Challenges in Designing a Prevention Chatbot for Eating Disorders: Observational Study
Chan, W. W., Fitzsimmons‐Craft, E. E., Smith, A. C., Firebaugh, M., Fowler, L. A., DePietro, B., Topooco, N., Wilfley, D. E., Taylor, C. B., & Jacobson, N. C. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/28003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Green, E. P., Lai, Y., Pearson, N., Rajasekharan, S., Rauws, M., Joerin, A., Kwobah, E., Musyimi, C., Jones, R. M., Bhat, C., et al. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.17895 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Supervised Machine Learning Chatbots for Perinatal Mental Healthcare
Wang, R., Wang, J., Liao, Y., & Wang, J. (2020) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Human-Computer Interaction (ICHCI) · doi:10.1109/ichci51889.2020.00086 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Martinengo, L., Jabir, A. I., Goh, W. W. T., Lo, N. Y. W., Ho, M. R., Kowatsch, T., Atun, R. A., Michie, S., & Car, L. T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39243 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Does Chatbot Language Formality Affect Users’ Self-Disclosure?
Cox, S. R., & Ooi, W. T. (2022) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3543829.3543831 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sinha, C., Cheng, A. L., & Kadaba, M. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37302 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Das, A., Selek, S., Warner, A. R., Zuo, X., Hu, Y., Kuttichi Keloth, V., Li, J., Zheng, W. J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Biomedical Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.bionlp-1.27 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Meheli, S., Sinha, C., & Kadaba, M. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/35671 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Discourse Behavior of Older Adults Interacting with a Dialogue Agent Competent in Multiple Topics
Razavi, S. Z., Schubert, L. K., Orden, K. A. V., Ali, M. R., Kane, B., & Hoque, M. E. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3484510 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Designing and Evaluating a Chatbot for Survivors of Image-Based Sexual Abuse
Maeng, W., & Lee, J. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517629 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Park, H., & Lee, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445133 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Literature Review
Narynov, S., Zhumanov, Z., Gumar, A., Khassanova, M., & Omarov, B. S. (2021) · International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS) · doi:10.23919/iccas52745.2021.9649855 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Goonesekera, Y., & Donkin, L. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/37877 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kim, J., Muhic, J., Robert, L., & Park, S. Y. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502116 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The AI Doctor Is In: A Survey of Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems for Healthcare Applications
Valizadeh, M., & Parde, N. (2022) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.458 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
A Chatbot to promote Students Mental Health through Emotion Recognition
Dhanasekar, V., Preethi, Y., Vishali, S., R, P. J. I., & Booma Poolan, M. (2021) · International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) · doi:10.1109/icirca51532.2021.9544838 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Smart conversational agents for the detection of neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review
Pacheco-Lorenzo, M. R., Valladares‐Rodríguez, S., Anido, L., & Iglesias, M. J. F. (2020) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2020.103632 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Mariamo, A., Temcheff, C. E., Léger, P., Sénécal, S., & Lau, M. A. (2021) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/24343 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mauriello, M. L., Tantivasadakarn, N., Mora-Mendoza, M. A., Lincoln, E. T., Hon, G., Nowruzi, P., Simon, D., Hansen, L., Goenawan, N. H., Kim, J., et al. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25294 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gupta, M., Malik, T., & Sinha, C. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/36910 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Damij, N., & Bhattacharya, S. D. (2022) · IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON) · doi:10.1109/temsconeurope54743.2022.9801962 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Virtual Human Questionnaire for Analysis of Depression, Anxiety and Personality
Jaiswal, S., Valstar, M., Kusumam, K., & Greenhalgh, C. (2019) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) · doi:10.1145/3308532.3329469 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
CareBot: A Mental Health ChatBot
Crasto, R., Dias, L., Miranda, D., & Kayande, D. (2021) · International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET) · doi:10.1109/incet51464.2021.9456326 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Maharjan, R., Rohani, D. A., Baekgaard, P., Bardram, J., & Doherty, K. (2021) · International Conference on Conversational User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3469595.3469600 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Maharjan, R., Doherty, K., Rohani, D. A., Bækgaard, P., & Bardram, J. E. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3484508 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ludin, N., Holt-Quick, C., Hopkins, S., Stasiak, K., Hetrick, S., Warren, J., & Cargo, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/38743 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Shoulder to Cry on: Towards A Motivational Virtual Assistant for Assuaging Mental Agony
Saha, T., Reddy, S. M., Das, A., Saha, S., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2022) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.174 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gaffney, H., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2020) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/2055207620911580 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Green, E. P., Pearson, N., Rajasekharan, S., Rauws, M., Joerin, A., Kwobah, E. K., Musyimi, C. W., Bhat, C., Jones, R., & Lai, Y. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11800 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sia, D. E., Yu, M. J., Daliva, J. L., Montenegro, J., & Ong, E. (2021) · Asian CHI Symposium · doi:10.1145/3429360.3468177 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A Multi-Persona Chatbot for Hotline Counselor Training
DeMasi, O., Li, Y., & Yu, Z. (2020) · Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP (Findings of EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.324 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
An Empathetic Conversational Agent with Attentional Mechanism
Goel, R., Vashisht, S., Dhanda, A., & Susan, S. (2021) · International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI) · doi:10.1109/iccci50826.2021.9402337 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
CASS: Towards Building a Social-Support Chatbot for Online Health CommunityPreprint
Wang, L., Wang, D., Tian, F., Peng, Z., Fan, X., Zhang, Z., Ma, S., Yu, M., Ma, X., & Wang, H. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.01583 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of a Chatbot Version of the PHQ-9 With Adults and Older Adults
Dosovitsky, G., Kim, E., & Bunge, E. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2021.645805 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Usability testing and trust analysis of a mental health and wellbeing chatbot
Boyd, K., Potts, C., Bond, R., Mulvenna, M. D., Broderick, T., Burns, C., Bickerdike, A., McTear, M., Kostenius, C., Vakaloudis, A., et al. (2022) · European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics · doi:10.1145/3552327.3552348 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Provoost, S., Kleiboer, A. M., Ornelas, J., Bosse, T., Ruwaard, J., Rocha, A., Cuijpers, P. J., & Riper, H. M. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04777-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Design recommendations for chatbots to support people with depression
de Souza, P. M., Pires, I. D. C., Motti, V. G., Caseli, H. D. M., Neto, J. B. B., Martini, L. C., & Néris, V. P. D. A. (2022) · Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC) · doi:10.1145/3554364.3559119 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Trainbot: A Conversational Interface to Train Crowd Workers for Delivering On-Demand Therapy
Abbas, T., Khan, V.-J., Gadiraju, U., & Markopoulos, P. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing · doi:10.1609/hcomp.v8i1.7458 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Assessing Users' Mental Status from their Journaling Behavior through Chatbots
Kawasaki, M., Yamashita, N., Lee, Y., & Nohara, K. (2020) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) · doi:10.1145/3383652.3423870 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Han, H. J., Mendu, S., Jaworski, B. K., Owen, J. E., & Abdullah, S. (2021) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/3460418.3479332 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Analyzing Description, User Understanding and Expectations of AI in Mobile Health Applications
Su, Z., Figueiredo, M. C., Jo, J., Zheng, K., & Chen, Y. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.10530.25280 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An Innovative Emotion Recognition and Solution Recommendation Chatbot
N, A. D. R., Karlapati, P., Mulagondla, M. R., Amaranayani, P., & Toram, A. P. (2022) · International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) · doi:10.1109/icaccs54159.2022.9785269 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Speech Emotion Recognition and Sentiment Analysis based Therapist Bot
Bhangdia, Y., Bhansali, R., Chaudhari, N. M., Chandnani, D., & Dhore, M. L. (2021) · International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) · doi:10.1109/icirca51532.2021.9544671 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
van Cuylenburg, H. C., & Ginige, T. N. D. S. (2021) · International Conference on UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET) · doi:10.1109/ucet54125.2021.9674993 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Conversational AI Therapist for Daily Function Screening in Home Environments
Nie, J., Shao, H., Zhao, M., Xia, S., Preindl, M., & Jiang, X. (2022) · doi:10.1145/3539490.3539603 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A multi-modal human robot interaction framework based on cognitive behavioral therapy model
Rastogi, N., Keshtkar, F., & Miah, S. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3279963.3279968 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Preliminary Evaluation of the Engagement and Effectiveness of a Mental Health ChatbotPreprint
Daley, K. L. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6vne3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
ERICA: An Empathetic Android Companion for Covid-19 Quarantine
Ishii, E., Winata, G. I., Cahyawijaya, S., Lala, D., Kawahara, T., & Fung, P. (2021) · Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.sigdial-1.27 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sun, L., Liu, Y., Joseph, G., Yu, Z., Zhu, H., & Dow, S. P. (2022) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing · doi:10.1609/hcomp.v10i1.21999 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Linden, B., Tam-Seto, L., & Stuart, H. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/18890 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Covid Connect: Chat-Driven Anonymous Story-Sharing for Peer Support
Collins, C. M., Arbour, S., Beals, N., Yama, S., Laffier, J., & Zhao, Z. (2022) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3532106.3533545 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Development of Chatbot Psychologist Applying Natural Language Understanding Techniques
Narynov, S., Zhumanov, Z., Gumar, A., Khassanova, M., & Omarov, B. S. (2021) · International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS) · doi:10.23919/iccas52745.2021.9649825 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maharjan, R., Rohani, D. A., Doherty, K., Bækgaard, P., & Bardram, J. E. (2022) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2022.3147374 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Burger, F., Neerincx, M. A., & Brinkman, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2022.930874 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Psyche Conversa - A Deep Learning Based Chatbot Framework to Detect Mental Health State
Siddik, S. A. N., Arifuzzaman, B. M., & Kalam, A. (2022) · doi:10.1109/icoict55009.2022.9914844 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Modeling Dialogues with Hashcode Representations: A Nonparametric Approach
Garg, S., Rish, I., Cecchi, G., Goyal, P., Ghazarian, S., Gao, S., Steeg, G. V., & Galstyan, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5813 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Comparative Study of Chatbot Catered Toward Mental Health
Dev, P., Haque, S., Noor, A., Srabon, A. A., Wasik, M. M., Mim, S., Sharife, S. B., Rahman, F., Syara, S. R., Iqbal, S., et al. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Engineering and Technology (IICAIET) · doi:10.1109/iicaiet55139.2022.9936778 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shenoy, A., Bodapati, S., & Kirchhoff, K. (2021) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.ecnlp-1.3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
BLISS. An Agent for Collecting Spoken Dialogue data about Health and Well-being
van Waterschoot, J., Hendrickx, I., Khan, A., Klabbers, E., de Korte, M., Strik, H., Catia Cucchiarini, A., & Theune, M. (2020) · University of Twente Research Information · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ideal Construction of Chatbot Based on Intelligent Depression Detection Techniques
Huang, X. H. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Big Data and Algorithms (EEBDA) · doi:10.1109/eebda53927.2022.9744938 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alexa Depression and Anxiety Self-tests: A Preliminary Analysis of User Experience and TrustPreprint
Quiroz, J. C., Bongolan, T., & Ijaz, K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2008.03892 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Establishing a Dialog Agent Policy using Deep Reinforcement Learning in the Psychotherapy Domain
Holt‐Quick, C., & Warren, J. (2021) · Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference (ACSW) · doi:10.1145/3437378.3437395 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
DARA: Development of a Chatbot Support System for an Anxiety Reduction Digital Intervention
Schwartz, R. X., Ramanan, A., Patel, D., Lynch, A., Baee, S., & Barnes, L. E. (2022) · Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium · doi:10.1109/sieds55548.2022.9799419 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Grounded Well-being Conversational Agent with Multiple Interaction Modes: Preliminary Results
Yan, X., & Nakashole, N. (2021) · Workshop on NLP for Positive Impact (NLP4PI) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.nlp4posimpact-1.16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of a chatbot version of the PHQ-9 for adults and older adults
Dosovitsky, G., Kim, E., & Bunge, E. L. (2021) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e509932022-001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ERICA: An Empathetic Android Companion for Covid-19 QuarantinePreprint
Ishii, E., Winata, G. I., Cahyawijaya, S., et al. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2106.02325
A Grounded Well-being Conversational Agent with Multiple Interaction Modes: Preliminary ResultsPreprint
Yan, X., & Nakashole, N. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.14083
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Mohammad Rafayet Ali, Seyedeh Zahra Razavi, Raina Langevin, Abdullah Al Mamun, Benjamin Kane, Reza Rawassizadeh, Lenhart K Schubert, and Ehsan Hoque. 2020. A virtual conversational agent for teens with autism spectrum disorder: Experimental results and design lessons. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pages 1-8.
- Avisha Das, Salih Selek, Alia R Warner, Xu Zuo, Yan Hu, Vipina Kuttichi Keloth, Jianfu Li, W Jim Zheng, and Hua Xu. 2022a. Conversational bots for psy- chotherapy: A study of generative transformer mod- els using domain-specific dialogues. In Proceedings of the 21st Workshop on Biomedical Language Pro- cessing, pages 285-297.
- Tessa Eagle, Conrad Blau, Sophie Bales, Noopur Desai, Victor Li, and Steve Whittaker. 2022. "i don't know what you mean byi am anxious'": A new method for evaluating conversational agent responses to stan- dardized mental health inputs for anxiety and depres- sion. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 12(2):1-23.
- Minha Lee, Sander Ackermans, Nena Van As, Hanwen Chang, Enzo Lucas, and Wijnand IJsselsteijn. 2019. Caring for vincent: a chatbot for self-compassion. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1-13.
- Martin H Luerssen and Tim Hawke. 2018. Virtual agents as a service: Applications in healthcare. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, pages 107-112.
- SoHyun Park, Anja Thieme, Jeongyun Han, Sungwoo Lee, Wonjong Rhee, and Bongwon Suh. 2021. "i wrote as if i were telling a story to someone i knew.": Designing chatbot interactions for expressive writing in mental health. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021, pages 926-941.
- Courtney Potts, Raymond Bond, Maurice D Mulvenna, Edel Ennis, Andrea Bickerdike, Edward K Coughlan, Thomas Broderick, Con Burns, Michael F McTear, Lauri Kuosmanen, et al. 2021. Insights and lessons learned from trialling a mental health chatbot in the wild. In 2021 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), pages 1-6. IEEE.
- Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI blog, 1(8):9.
- Beatrice Rammstedt, Christoph J Kemper, Mira Céline Klein, Constanze Beierlein, and Anastassiya Koval- eva. 2013. A short scale for assessing the big five dimensions of personality: 10 item big five inventory (bfi-10). methods, data, analyses, 7(2):17.
- Hyeyoung Ryu, Soyeon Kim, Dain Kim, Sooan Han, Keeheon Lee, and Younah Kang. 2020. Simple and steady interactions win the healthy mentality: de- signing a chatbot service for the elderly. Proceed- ings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 4(CSCW2):1-25.
- Tulika Saha, Saichethan Reddy, Anindya Das, Sriparna Saha, and Pushpak Bhattacharyya. 2022b. A shoul- der to cry on: Towards a motivational virtual assistant for assuaging mental agony. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Hu- man Language Technologies, pages 2436-2449.
- Jessica Schroeder, Chelsey Wilkes, Kael Rowan, Ar- turo Toledo, Ann Paradiso, Mary Czerwinski, Gloria Mark, and Marsha M Linehan. 2018. Pocket skills: A conversational mobile web app to support dialec- tical behavioral therapy. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pages 1-15.
- Ji Youn Shin and Jina Huh-Yoo. 2020. Designing ev- eryday conversational agents for managing health and wellness: A study of alexa skills reviews. In Pro- ceedings of the 14th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare, pages 50-61.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
“It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health
Siddals, S., Torous, J., & Coxon, A. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00097-4 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Duro, E. S. D., Improta, R., & Stella, M. (2025) · Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health · doi:10.1016/j.etdah.2025.100170 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Data Privacy, Ethics, and the Role of AI in Customer Relationship Management
Kumar, A., Sharma, A., Dhanka, S., Bist, Y., Maini, S., & Bhatnagar, P. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1867-7.ch013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sehgal, N. K. R., Kambhamettu, H., Matam, S. P., Ungar, L., & Guntuku, S. C. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720137 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-turn Conversations: A Survey
Guan, S., Wang, J., 渡辺, 将., Zhu, B., Lou, J., & Xiong, H. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3793671 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kumar, A., Sharma, A., Bhatnagar, P., Dhanka, S., & Bist, Y. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-1867-7.ch004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reviewing clinical knowledge in medical large language models: Training and beyond
Li, Q. Y., Liu, H., Guo, C., Gao, C., Chen, D., Wang, M., Gao, F., van Harmelen, F., & Gu, J. (2025) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2025.114215 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Kumar, H., Yoo, S., Bernuy, A. Z., Shi, J., Luo, H., Williams, J. J., Kuzminykh, A., Anderson, A., & Kornfield, R. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757619 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rezaei, Z., Khorraminia, A., Shi, D., & Banad, Y. M. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261421688 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mahajan, P., Kadam, S., Kachwala, H., Tapikar, N., Namde, V., & Poonawala, E. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70095 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AMR Parsing is Far from Solved: GrAPES, the Granular AMR Parsing Evaluation Suite
Groschwitz, J., Cohen, S. B., Donatelli, L. E., & Fowlie, M. (2023) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.662 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Yu, S., Zhao, C., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Integration and Management · doi:10.1142/s2424862225300042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A systematic review on mindfulness-based immersive interventions in depressive disorders
Tan, P., Wu, Y., Chen, X., Chen, J., Guo, Z., Lu, X., Chen, J., & Zhang, H. (2026) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00205-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Digital Psychiatry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Sidani, L., Nadar, S. M., Tfaili, J., Rayes, S. E., Sharara, F., Elhage, J. C., & Fakhoury, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000819 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yulianti, E. P., Putri, Y. S. E., Keliat, B. A., & Hidayanto, A. N. (2025) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.106129 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shimgekar, S. R., Rodriguez, V. J., Bloom, P. A., Yoo, D. W., & Saha, K. (2026) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/86265 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shimgekar, S. R., Rodriguez, V. J., Bloom, P. A., Yoo, D. W., & Saha, K. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.86265 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xu, B., Qiao, X., Zhang, X., Wan, J., Liu, X., Zong, L., & Lin, H. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM) · doi:10.1109/bibm62325.2024.10822192
Yadav, S., Sam, A. K., Jitto, J., & Jai Vinita, L. (2026) · International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science (ICCIDS) · doi:10.1109/iccids69108.2026.11407690
EmpathAI: A Trustworthy and Secure Conversational Agent for Mental Healthcare
Seth, V., Pandey, A., Gundlapalli, K., Duvvuri, M. K., Mettu, R., Zachary, I., & Calyam, P. (2025) · Annual Computer Security Applications Conference Workshops (ACSAC Workshops) · doi:10.1109/acsacw69556.2025.00038
Ikegami, M., Kuribayashi, M., Kato, T., Aoyagi, S., & Hirai, T. (2026) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3772363.3798615
Shymko, V., Бабаджанова, А., & Сафін, О. Д. (2026) · PSYCHOLINGUISTICS · doi:10.31470/2309-1797-2026-39-1-231-264
Cheng, Y., Kang, Z., Jiang, K., Sun, C., Pan, Q., & Jiang, T. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.96433
An Intelligent Health Guide Based on AI and Metaverse to Enhance Prevention and Quality of Life
Basahel, A. M., Sen, A. A. A., Basahel, A., Bahbouh, N. M., Basahel, M. A., & Albejawi, L. (2026) · International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development · doi:10.23919/indiacom70271.2026.11525546
NeuroLingo – Smart Brain Health Test in Indian Languages
K, V., Kumar, T. V. S., Vishalini, E., & Shivani, S. (2025) · International Conference on Intelligent & Innovative Practices in Engineering & Management (IIPEM) · doi:10.1109/iipem65914.2025.11548008
EEG-Informed Neuroadaptive Language Model for CBT
Kim, H., Lee, J. S., & Oh, H. (2026) · ACM Symposium on Applied Computing · doi:10.1145/3748522.3779990
Disclosure is not destigmatization: rethinking AI and mental health stigma
Chen, W., Zeng, Z., Liu, W., & Yan, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1881272
Thakre, Y., Kulsum, S., Sharma, J., Agrawal, H., Bonde, A., & Wankhade, U. (2026) · International Conference on NextGen Data Science and Analytics (ICNDSA) · doi:10.1109/icndsa68777.2026.11652064
A Hybrid Approach for Early-Stage Depression Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques
Maheshwari, D., Jaiswal, D., Gupta, A., Katiyar, D., & Singh, P. (2026) · International Conference on Green Technologies and Sustainable Solutions (GTSS) · doi:10.1109/gtss68743.2026.11679592
Shawon, M. T. R., Irbaz, M. S., Elyazori, H. R. A., Resapu, K. R., Lin, Y., Cardenas, V. F., Eklou, K. P., Alemi, F., & Lybarger, K. (2026) · JMIR AI · doi:10.2196/100772
Rai, S., Sehgal, N. K. R., Nguyen, K., & Guntuku, S. C. (2026) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/3785651.3831524
Self-citationCheng, Y., Kang, Z., Jiang, K., Sun, C., Pan, Q., Jiang, T., & Jacobs, B. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/96433
- Authors
- Cho, Y., Rai, S., Ungar, L., Sedoc, J., & Guntuku, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 2023
- Pages
- 11346-11369
- PMC
- PMC11010238
- OpenAlex
- W4389523925
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 145
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 16.28
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (R01MD018340)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Keywords
- mental health chatbots, chatbots, interdisciplinary research, large language models, rule-based chatbots, response quality evaluation, health outcome measurement, transparency, ethics, cultural heterogeneity, mental health support
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
