The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context
Open accessAbstract
Denis Paperno, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, Ngoc Quan Pham, Raffaella Bernardi, Sandro Pezzelle, Marco Baroni, Gemma Boleda, Raquel Fernández. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2016.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is no 'ground-truth' implementation from the original benchmark authors, and many popular benchmarks (Paperno et al., 2016; Clark et al., 2018; Zellers et al., 2019) that have been 'retrofitted' for compatibility with autoregressive LMs.”
From Lessons from the Trenches on Reproducible Evaluation of Language Models (2024) · cites this paper as Paperno et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“for evaluating the following tasks that measure common sense reasoning: LAMBADA (OpenAI version in LM Evaluation Harness) (Paperno et al., 2016), HellaSwag (Zellers et al., 2019), PIQA (Bisk et al., 2020), ARC-challenge, ARC-easy (Clark et al., 2018), WinoGrande (Sakaguchi et al., 2021).”
From xLSTM: Extended Long Short-Term Memory (2024) · cites this paper as Paperno et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast to other simple benchmarks like LAMBADA [44] or GSM8K [45], which test skills not directly applicable to software engineering, the SWAA set represents actions that are needed in both software engineering work and the longer tasks we study.”
From Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Software Tasks (2025) · cites this paper as [44]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“On the final word prediction dataset LAMBADA (Paperno et al., 2016), Chinchilla achieves 77.4% accuracy, compared to 74.5% accuracy from Gopher and 76.6% from MT-NLG 530B (see Table 7).”
From Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models (2022) · cites this paper as Paperno et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hochreiter, S., & Schmidhuber, J. (1997) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco.1997.9.8.1735 · Cited by 102,318
Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., & Dean, J. (2013) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1301.3781 · Cited by 26,568
Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate
Bahdanau, D., Cho, K., & Bengio, Y. (2014) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1409.0473 · Cited by 16,213
Elman, J. L. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1402_1 · Cited by 11,212
SRILM - an extensible language modeling toolkit
Stolcke, A. (2002) · International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) · doi:10.21437/icslp.2002-303 · Cited by 4,385
Zhu, Y., Kiros, R., Zemel, R., Salakhutdinov, R., Urtasun, R., Torralba, A., & Fidler, S. (2015) · 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) · doi:10.1109/iccv.2015.11 · Cited by 2,264
Vinyals, O., & Le, Q. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1506.05869 · Cited by 1,400
A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inferencePreprint
Bowman, S. R., Angeli, G., Potts, C., & Manning, C. D. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1508.05326 · Cited by 1,020
A Neural Network Approach to Context-Sensitive Generation of Conversational Responses
Sordoni, A., Galley, M., Auli, M., Brockett, C., Ji, Y., Mitchell, M., Nie, J., Gao, J., & Dolan, B. (2015) · Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) · doi:10.3115/v1/n15-1020 · Cited by 782
MCTest: A Challenge Dataset for the Open-Domain Machine Comprehension of Text
Richardson, M., Burges, C., & Renshaw, E. (2013) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/d13-1020 · Cited by 778
Towards AI-Complete Question Answering: A Set of Prerequisite Toy Tasks
Weston, J., Bordes, A., Chopra, S., Rush, A. M., van Merriënboer, B., Joulin, A., & Mikolov, T. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.05698 · Cited by 670
The Goldilocks Principle: Reading Children's Books with Explicit Memory RepresentationsPreprint
Hill, F., Bordes, A., Chopra, S., & Weston, J. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.02301 · Cited by 478
Learning Longer Memory in Recurrent Neural NetworksPreprint
Mikolov, T., Joulin, A., Chopra, S., Mathieu, M., & Ranzato, M. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1412.7753 · Cited by 281
The Microsoft Research Sentence Completion Challenge
Zweig, G., & Burges, C. J. C. (2011) · Cited by 71
Document Context Language ModelsPreprint
Ji, Y., Cohn, T., Kong, L., Dyer, C., & Eisenstein, J. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.03962 · Cited by 66
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Karl Moritz Hermann, Tomáš Kočiský, Edward Grefenstette, Lasse Espeholt, Will Kay, Mustafa Suleyman, and Phil Blunsom. 2015. Teaching machines to read and comprehend. In Proceed- ings of NIPS, Montreal, Canada. Published online: https://papers.nips.cc/book/ advances-in-neural-information- processing-systems-28-2015.
- Tomas Mikolov, Stefan Kombrink, Anoop Deoras, Lukar Burget, and Jan Honza Cernocky. 2011. Rnnlm -recurrent neural network language. In Pro- ceedings of ASRU. IEEE Automatic Speech Recog- nition and Understanding Workshop.
- Tomas Mikolov. 2014. Using neural net- works for modelling and representing nat- ural languages. Slides presented at COL- ING, online at http://www.coling- 2014.org/COLING\2014\Tutorial- fix\-\TomasMikolov.pdf.
- Tim Rocktäschel, Edward Grefenstette, Karl Moritz Hermann, Tomáš Kočiský, and Phil Blunsom. 2016. Reasoning about entailment with neural attention. In Proceedings of ICLR Conference Track, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Published online: http://www. iclr.cc/doku.php?id=iclr2016:main.
- Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, Jason Weston, and Rob Fergus. 2015. End-to-end memory networks. http://arxiv.org/abs/1503. 08895.
- Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2015. A neural conver- sational model. In Proceedings of the ICML Deep Learning Workshop, Lille, France. Published on- line: https://sites.google.com/site/ deeplearning2015/accepted-papers.
- Tian Wang and Kyunghyun Cho. 2015. Larger- context language modelling. http://arxiv. org/abs/1511.03729.
- Wenpeng Yin and Hinrich Schütze. 2015. Multi- GranCNN: An architecture for general matching of text chunks on multiple levels of granularity. In Pro- ceedings of ACL, pages 63-73, Beijing, China.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., Neelakantan, A., Shyam, P., Sastry, G., Askell, A., et al. (2020) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2005.14165 · Cited by 23,372
On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models
Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., Bernstein, M. S., Bohg, J., Bosselut, A., Brunskill, E., et al. (2021) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2108.07258 · Cited by 2,676
PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways
Chowdhery, A., Narang, S., Devlin, J., Bosma, M., Mishra, G., Roberts, A., Barham, P., Chung, H. W., Sutton, C., Gehrmann, S., et al. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2204.02311 · Cited by 2,590
“…TriviaQA (Joshi et al., 2017), Natural Questions (Kwiatkowski et al., 2019), Web Questions (Berant et al., 2013) • Cloze and Completion tasks: LAMBADA (Paperno et al., 2016), HellaSwag (Zellers et al., 2019), StoryCloze (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016) • Winograd-style tasks: Winograd (Levesque et…”
BackgroundMethodNatural Questions: A benchmark for question answering research
Kwiatkowski, T., Palomaki, J., Redfield, O., Collins, M., Parikh, A., Alberti, C., Epstein, D., Polosukhin, I., Devlin, J., Lee, K., et al. (2019) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00276 · Cited by 2,069
RoFormer: Enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding
Su, J., Ahmed, M., Lu, Y., Pan, S., Bo, W., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.127063 · Cited by 1,957
Metadata
- Authors
- Paperno, D., Kruszewski, G., Lazaridou, A., Pham, N. Q., Bernardi, R., Pezzelle, S., Baroni, M., Boleda, G., & Fernandez, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Trento (IT)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
- Published
- 2016
- Pages
- 1525-1534
- ISSN
- 0736-587X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2473344385
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Trento) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Nvidia
- European Commission (655577, 283554, HORIZON2020)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (276-89-008)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Natural Language Processing Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- word prediction, discourse context, language models, discourse coherence, next sentence prediction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review