Is Psychological Aggression as Detrimental as Physical Aggression? The Independent Effects of Psychological Aggression on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
Abstract
The differential effects of psychological and physical victimization on depression and anxiety symptoms were examined via APIM and growth curve modeling techniques in a sample of newlyweds (N = 103 couples) assessed four times over the first 3 years of marriage. On average, husbands and wives reported moderate levels of psychological aggression, and there were no sex differences in prevalence rates or mean levels. Changes in psychological victimization were associated with changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of physical victimization. This study demonstrates the severe impact of psychological aggression on its victims and expands on previous studies of battering samples to demonstrate that psychological victimization may be more damaging than physical victimization in nonbattering, community couples.
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Findings from prior studies support an association between psychological violence and depression and anxiety.
“and findings support an association [9, 12–14].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Thirteen additional studies found a significant association between psychological violence and anxiety.
“Finally, thirteen studies found a significant association between psychological violence and anxiety [13, 38, 40, 49, 59, 63, 65, 68, 78, 80–83], while three studies found an insignificant association [61, 76, 84].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Of 37 additional studies on depression, 29 found a significant association between psychological violence and depression.
“Another 37 studies examined the association between psychological violence and depression; twenty-nine of the identified studies found a significant association [13, 34, 35, 39, 42, 45–47, 49, 53–73], while five studies found a non-significant association [50, 74–77].”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
For Hazen et al. and Lawrence et al., significant findings on depression varied across subtypes.
“For Hazen et al. [61] and Lawrence et al. [13] significant findings varied across subtypes.”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
For Lawrence et al., the association between psychological violence and anxiety was significant only for some subtypes for both husbands and wives.
“For Hazen et al. [61], the association was found to be insignificant after controlling for physical and sexual violence, and Lawrence et al. [13] found the association to be significant only for some subtypes for both husband and wives.”
From The psychological subtype of intimate partner violence and its effect on mental health: a systematic review with meta-analyses (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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Recognising Narcissistic Abuse and the Implications for Mental Health Nursing Practice
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- Authors
- Lawrence, E., Yoon, J., Langer, A., & Ro, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Violence and Victims
- Publisher
- Springer Publishing Company
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 20-35
- ISSN
- 0886-6708 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7073
- OpenAlex
- W2049178807
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 11.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Violence and Victims (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCR721682, CE721682)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD046789, R01HD046789)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- psychological aggression, physical aggression, psychological victimization, physical victimization, depression, anxiety, newlyweds, couples, marital violence, longitudinal change
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Risk Factors, Spouse Abuse, Crime Victims, Young Adult
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