GLP-1, the Gut-Brain, and Brain-Periphery Axes
Open accessAbstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a gut hormone which directly binds to the GLP-1 receptor located at the surface of the pancreatic β-cells to enhance glucose-induced insulin secretion. In addition to its pancreatic effects, GLP-1 can induce metabolic actions by interacting with its receptors expressed on nerve cells in the gut and the brain. GLP-1 can also be considered as a neuropeptide synthesized by neuronal cells in the brain stem that release the peptide directly into the hypothalamus. In this environment, GLP-1 is assumed to control numerous metabolic and cardiovascular functions such as insulin secretion, glucose production and utilization, and arterial blood flow. However, the exact roles of these two locations in the regulation of glucose homeostasis are not well understood. In this review, we highlight the latest experimental data supporting the role of the gut-brain and brain-periphery axes in the control of glucose homeostasis. We also focus our attention on the relevance of β-cell and brain cell targeting by gut GLP-1 for the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition to its action on β-cells, we find that understanding the physiological role of GLP-1 will help to develop GLP-1-based therapies to control glycemia in type 2 diabetes by triggering the gut-brain axis or the brain directly. This pleiotropic action of GLP-1 is an important concept that may help to explain the observation that, during their treatment, type 2 diabetic patients can be identified as 'responders' and 'non-responders'.
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GLP-1 shows anti-inflammatory effects on pancreatic islets and adipose tissue, contributing to lowering glucose levels in diabetes.
“It was reported that GLP-1 shows anti-inflammatory effects on pancreatic islets and adipose tissue, contributing to lowering glucose levels in diabetes [18–20].”
From Anti-Inflammatory Effects of GLP-1-Based Therapies beyond Glucose Control (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Cabou, C., & Burcelin, R.
- Affiliations
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
- ORCID
- Cabou, Cendrine
- Venue
- The Review of Diabetic Studies
- Publisher
- Raiya Academic International LLC
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 418-431
- ISSN
- 1613-6071 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-0575
- PMC
- PMC3280675
- OpenAlex
- W100190743
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Review of Diabetic Studies (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Keywords
- glucagon-like peptide-1, gut-brain axis, GLP-1 receptor, pancreatic beta cells, insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, hypothalamus, neuropeptides, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, GLP-1 receptor agonists
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Intestinal Mucosa, Peripheral Nervous System, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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