Relationships Among Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers, Clinical Parameters of Periodontal Disease, and the Subgingival Microbiota

Abstract

Background: The objectives of this study were to measure levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers and subgingival bacterial species in periodontally healthy subjects and subjects with periodontitis to explore the relationships among these biomarkers, the subgingival microbiota, and the clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Methods: Clinical periodontal parameters were measured at six sites per tooth in 20 subjects with periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects. GCF and subgingival plaque samples were obtained from the mesio‐buccal aspect of every tooth. GCF levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐8 and matrix metalloproteinase 8 were measured using checkerboard immunoblotting, and the levels of 40 bacterial taxa were quantified using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. A subset of “clinically healthy” sites from each group was analyzed separately. The significance of the differences between groups was determined using the unpaired t test or the Mann‐Whitney test. Correlations among immunologic, microbiologic, and clinical data were determined using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: There were positive correlations among mean clinical parameters, mean levels of the three biomarkers, and the proportions of orange and red complex species (P <0.05). Clinically healthy sites from subjects with periodontitis had higher levels of IL‐1β and IL‐8 and higher proportions of orange and red complex species (P <0.05) than clinically healthy sites from periodontally healthy subjects. Red complex species were positively associated with the expression of all biomarkers (P <0.05), whereas purple and yellow complex species had negative correlations with IL‐1β and IL‐8 (P <0.05). Conclusions: Clinically healthy sites from subjects with periodontitis have higher levels of GCF biomarkers and periodontal pathogens than clinically healthy sites from periodontally healthy subjects. Different microbial complexes demonstrated distinct associations with specific GCF biomarkers.