Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque

Socransky, S.S.; Haffajee, A.D.; Cugini, M.A.; Smith, C.; Kent, R. L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02419.x

Cited by 5,050Oral microbiology and periodontitis researchPeriodontal Regeneration and TreatmentsGut microbiota and health

Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque

Socransky, S.S., Haffajee, A.D., Cugini, M.A., Smith, C., Kent, R. L.·1998·Journal of Clinical Periodontology

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02419.x

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Abstract

Abstract. It has been recognized for some time that bacterial species exist in complexes in subgingival plaque. The purpose of the present investigation was to attempt to define such communities using data from large numbers of plaque samples and different clustering and ordination techniques. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth in 185 subjects (mean age 51 ± 16 years) with ( n = 160) or without ( n = 25) periodontitis. The presence and levels of 40 subgingival taxa were determined in 13.261 plaque samples using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments were made at 6 sites per tooth at each visit. Similarities between pairs of species were computed using phi coefficients and species clustered using an averaged unweighted linkage sort. Community ordination was performed using principal components analysis and correspondence analysis. 5 major complexes were consistently observed using any of the analytical methods. One complex consisted of the tightly related group: Bacteroides forsythus. Porphvromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. The 2nd complex consisted of a tightly related core group including members of the Fusobcterium nucleaturm/periodonticum subspecies, Prevotella intermedia. Prevotella nigrescens and Peptostreptucoccus micros. Species associated with this group included: Eubacterium nodatum, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter showae, Streptococcus constellatus and Campylobacter gracilis. The 3rd complex consisted of Streptococcus sanguis. S. oralis, S. mitis, S. gordonii and S. intermedius. The 4th complex was comprised of 3 Capnocytophaga species, Campylobacter concisus, Eikenella corrodens and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype a. The 5th complex consisted of Veillonella parvula and Actitwmyces odontotylicus. A. actinotnycetemcomitans serotype b, Selenomonas noxia and Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 ( A. viscosus ) were outliers with little relation to each other and the 5 major complexes. The 1st complex related strikingly to clinical measures of periodontal disease particularly pocket depth and bleeding on probing.

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BOP is the result of ulceration of the sulcular epithelium caused by manipulation of these tissues, normally by a periodontal probe, in the presence of pathogenic bacteria.
“BOP is the result of ulceration of the sulcular epithelium caused by manipulation of these tissues, normally by a periodontal probe, in the presence of pathogenic bacteria. 35 , 36 , 37”
From Prognostic utility of oral neutrophil counts in high-risk periodontitis: A retrospective study (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
oPMN accumulate within the gingivocrevicular fluid alongside biofilms rich in periodontal pathogens and tend to be associated with patients at risk of future disease progression.
“oPMN accumulate within the gingivocrevicular fluid (GCF), alongside biofilms rich in periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and tend to be associated with patients who are at risk of future disease progression. 37 , 39”
From Prognostic utility of oral neutrophil counts in high-risk periodontitis: A retrospective study (2025) · cites this paper as [37]

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“This complex contained P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and Treponema denticola and depended on earlier colonization of the pocket by the orange complex (Socransky & Haffajee, 2005, Socransky et al., 1998).”
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Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque samples
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Clustering of subgingival microbial species in adolescents with’ periodontitis
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Authors: Socransky, S. S., Haffajee, A. D., Cugini, M. A., Smith, C., & Kent, R. L.
Affiliations: The Forsyth Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Socransky, S.S.
Venue: Journal of Clinical Periodontology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1998-02
Volume: 25
Issue: 2
Pages: 134-144
ISSN: 0303-6979 (ISSN-L)
1600-051X
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1998.tb02419.x
OpenAlex: W2157107389
Cited by: 5,050
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 189 · 2025: 267 · 2024: 296 · 2023: 262 · 2022: 289 · 2021: 353 · 2020: 291 · 2019: 261 · 2018: 216 · 2017: 243 · 2016: 211 · 2015: 248 · 2014: 250 · 2013: 211 · 2012: 191
FWCI: 51.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2880 d)
Locations: Journal Of Clinical Periodontology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (DE-10977, P50DE004881, R37DE010977, DE04881)
Topics: Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: subgingival plaque, periodontitis, bacterial community structure, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus sanguinis, Capnocytophaga, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Veillonella parvula, Actinomyces naeslundii, Selenomonas noxia, probing depth, bleeding on probing, periodontal disease
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Dental Plaque, DNA, Bacterial, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket, Periodontitis, Regression Analysis, DNA Probes, Bacterial Typing Techniques, Cluster Analysis, Ecosystem, Statistics, Nonparametric

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Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque

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