The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Diagnosis Blog: Checking Up on Health Blogs in the Blogosphere
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. We analyzed the content and characteristics of influential health blogs and bloggers to provide a more thorough understanding of the health blogosphere than was previously available. Methods. We identified, through a purposive–snowball approach, 951 health blogs in 2007 and 2008. All blogs were US focused and updated regularly. We described their features, topics, perspectives, and blogger demographics. Results. Approximately half of the bloggers in our sample were employed in the health field. A majority were female, aged in their 30s, and highly educated. Two thirds posted at least weekly; one quarter accepted advertisements. Most blogs were established after 2004. They typically focused on bloggers' experiences with 1 disease or condition or on the personal experiences of health professionals. Half were written from a professional perspective, one third from a patient–consumer perspective, and a few from the perspective of an unpaid caregiver. Conclusions. Data collected from health blogs could be aggregated for large-scale empirical investigations. Future research should assess the quality of the information posted and identify what blog features and elements best reflect adherence to prevailing norms of conduct.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This study systematically cataloged 951 influential US health blogs in 2007–2008, describing their features, topics, perspectives, and blogger demographics. It found that health bloggers were mostly female, highly educated, often health professionals, and that most blogs focused on personal experiences with a disease or condition.
Key findings
- Of 951 blogs, 49.8% of bloggers worked in health professions; 56.8% were female, average age was 35.8 years, and two thirds held a master’s or doctoral degree.
- Most blogs were established after 2004 (93.5% from 2004–2008); 63.2% posted at least weekly, 12.5% posted daily, and 28.1% accepted commercial advertising.
- The most common topic was disease/disability experience (42.6%), followed by health policy/law/business (17.1%) and health research/news (15.1%); perspectives were professional (54.3%), patient–consumer (37.7%), and caregiver (8.0%).
- Among condition-specific blogs, mental health was most prevalent, mostly autism spectrum disorders (26.6%), bipolar disorder (25.5%), or eating disorders (22.9%); reproduction blogs mostly addressed infertility (81.5%), and chronic disease blogs often dealt with diabetes (41.2%).
Methods
- The authors used a purposive–snowball sampling approach to identify 951 US-focused, English-language health blogs updated at least once in the 6 months before data collection, during June–July 2007 and April–May 2008.
- The 2007 sample consisted of 622 blogs identified through search engines, blog aggregators, and blogrolls; the 2008 sample added 329 new eligible blogs from Healthcare 100, plus 114 already identified.
- Data abstraction coded blog features, topics, perspectives, and blogger demographics; most characteristics were identified through cursory review, with deeper examination of multiple posts when needed.
Limitations
- Stated: the sampling method had inherent bias because no sampling frame existed, so eligible blogs may have been missed; inactive or dead blogs and less widely linked blogs may have been excluded.
- Stated: the sample was likely biased toward popular, influential blogs, possibly underrepresenting some topics and overrepresenting others; blogs were sampled during a single year, providing only a snapshot.
- Stated: comprehensive sociodemographic data were unavailable because many bloggers remained anonymous, and self-reported information such as occupation was unverifiable; evident: the study is descriptive and cross-sectional, and the text does not report inter-coder reliability for the subjective coding.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
56 Own result · 17 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 11 Own interpretation · 5 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That most of these blogs were written from a patient–consumer or caregiver perspective”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than one quarter (27.4%) of these bloggers identified themselves as journalists or writers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 6.5% dated from 1999 to 2003”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“approximately half (42.9%) were aged 30 to 39 years.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“30–39 42.9 (140)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among blogs about particular conditions, mental health was the most prevalent focus”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve percent did not provide a specialty designation.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively few blogs (5.0%) focused on nutrition or personal experiences with weight loss or fat acceptance.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 12.7% did not post at all.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with most about autism spectrum disorders (26.6%), bipolar disorder (25.5%), or specific eating disorders (22.9%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sponsors supported 15% of the blogs”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with most about autism spectrum disorders (26.6%), bipolar disorder (25.5%), or specific eating disorders (22.9%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one quarter accepted advertisements.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“more than one quarter (28.1%) accepted commercial advertising.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several blogs in this category focused on specific diseases and conditions, but unlike those reporting individuals' experiences, they were purely informational.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly fewer than half of chronic disease blogs (41.2%) dealt with diabetes; others addressed multiple sclerosis, back pain, Parkinson's disease, and asthma.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found the opposite in our sample”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly half of our sample comprised blogs addressing particular conditions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most blogs were established after 2004.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“the remaining 93.5% were established between 2004 and 2008”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“12.5% posted daily.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They typically focused on bloggers' experiences with 1 disease or condition or on the personal experiences of health professionals.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Two fifths (42.6%) of the blogs detailed individuals' experiences with a particular condition (Table 2).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bloggers' average age was 35.8 years (range = 18–69 years); approximately half (42.9%) were aged 30 to 39 years.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified, through a purposive–snowball approach, 951 health blogs in 2007 and 2008.”
- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
“We analyzed a total of 951 blogs.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of 951 blogs is representative of influential health blogs in the United States.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2007 and 2008 samples can be combined into a single sample of 951 blogs.
- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two thirds posted at least weekly; one quarter accepted advertisements.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Nearly two thirds (63.2%) of bloggers posted at least once per week; 12.5% posted daily.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with most about autism spectrum disorders (26.6%), bipolar disorder (25.5%), or specific eating disorders (22.9%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, posts on health blogs tended to rely more heavily on text.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many health blogs were personal rather than informational, emphasizing the journaling aspect of blogging in which bloggers share their experiences with others.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most reproduction blogs addressed infertility issues (81.5%); the remainder tackled multiple and premature births, delivery, and conception.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other blogs explored the professional experiences of physicians (9.7%), medical students (3.6%), and other providers (11.3%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few health blogs featured audio or video.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately half of the bloggers in our sample were employed in the health field.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Half of the bloggers (49.8%) worked in health professions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of 951 blogs is representative of influential health blogs in the United States.
- Rests on an assumption: The 2007 and 2008 samples can be combined into a single sample of 951 blogs.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 56.7% of health professionals who were not physicians, 19.9% worked in nursing”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approximately one fifth of physician bloggers (19.6%) were medical students.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half were written from a professional perspective, one third from a patient–consumer perspective, and a few from the perspective of an unpaid caregiver.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“More than half of health bloggers (54.3%) assumed a professional perspective in their posts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most blogs focused on a single topic, but some (4.1%) discussed 2 or more topics.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most health blogs posted external links (90.2%), internal links (98.0%), and reader commentary (96.0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most disability blogs (69.0%) dealt with physical disabilities generally; a large proportion (31.0%) were about deafness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most health blogs posted external links (90.2%), internal links (98.0%), and reader commentary (96.0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other blogs explored the professional experiences of physicians (9.7%), medical students (3.6%), and other providers (11.3%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most blogs also featured archives (97.5%) and a blogroll (75.0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most blogs focused on a single topic, but some (4.1%) discussed 2 or more topics.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively few contained video (15.4%) and even fewer audio (5.5%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a few from the perspective of an unpaid caregiver.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“fewer than one tenth (8.0%) from the perspective of someone caring for an afflicted individual.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A majority were female, aged in their 30s, and highly educated.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Health bloggers were highly educated: two thirds held a master's degree or doctorate.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most health blogs posted external links (90.2%), internal links (98.0%), and reader commentary (96.0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A majority were female, aged in their 30s, and highly educated.”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“Women wrote 56.8% of the blogs (Table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Slightly more than two thirds of blogs (34.3%) had a SiteMeter.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most disability blogs (69.0%) dealt with physical disabilities generally; a large proportion (31.0%) were about deafness.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The third most popular topic was health research and news (15.1%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively few contained video (15.4%) and even fewer audio (5.5%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second most frequently identified blog topic was recent developments in health law, policy, and business (17.1%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one third from a patient–consumer perspective”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“More than one third (37.7%) blogged from the perspective of a patient–consumer”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other blogs explored the professional experiences of physicians (9.7%), medical students (3.6%), and other providers (11.3%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most blogs also featured archives (97.5%) and a blogroll (75.0%).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these, 43.3% were physicians”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“especially because one quarter of the health blogs we studied featured advertisements.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“That most of these blogs were written from a patient–consumer or caregiver perspective suggests that health blogs are being used, in part, to forge support networks among bloggers and their readers.14,25,42,58”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Cohen ML. Family medicine meets the blogosphere. Family Pract Manag 2007;14(5):38–40 Available at: http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070500/38fami.html. Accessed March 31, 2009 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Not checked yetcites [25] Blass A. Diabetes blogs: where support and education intersect. Diabetes Self Manag 2007;24(3):39–44 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Kim S, Chung DS. Characteristics of cancer blog users. J Med Libr Assoc 2007;95(4):445–450 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Not checked yetcites [58] Oransky I. Cancer blogs. Lancet Oncol 2005;6(11):838–839 [Google Scholar]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data collected from health blogs could be aggregated for large-scale empirical investigations.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of 951 blogs is representative of influential health blogs in the United States.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blogs also were sampled during a single year.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggests that blogging might be especially appealing to those with stigmatizing illnesses or circumstances.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, as in other research relying on self-report rather than on direct observation, we had no way of confirming the information posted.68”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] Presser S., Rothgeb JM, Couper MP, et al. Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questionnaires Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience; June 2004 [Google Scholar]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our methods may have missed some blogs with health-related content that did not meet our eligibility criteria, such as blogs that did not focus predominately on health or health care, that were inactive (not updated at least once in the 6 months prior to data collection), or that died.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because we did not exhaust all possible search terms but instead relied on a selection of general ones, we may have missed some potentially relevant health blog topics as well.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Professional norms governing blogging are also beginning to emerge organically within the health blog community itself. This is reflected in the promulgation of codes of conduct covering such areas as confidentiality, sponsorship, commercial disclosure, reliability, transparency, anonymity, courtesy, and respect.66,67”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Kruglyak D. [hippocrates]. [Now boarding] HealthTrain, the open healthcare manifesto. 2006. Available at: http://trusted.md/manifesto. Accessed June 7, 2009
- Not checked yetcites [67] Anonymous. Healthcare blogger code of ethics. Available at: http://medbloggercode.com/. Accessed October 10, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because we had no sampling frame, blogs that would have otherwise met our inclusion criteria may have been excluded because they were not captured in either the purposive or snowball samples.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Blogging may provide people with an environment to safely explore that part of themselves that may be stigmatized by society.44”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Sundar SS, Edwards HH, Hu Y, Stavrositu C. Blogging for better health: putting the “public” back in public health. : Tremayne M, Blogging, Citizenship, and the Future of Media New York, NY: Routledge; 2007:83–102 [Google Scholar] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we identified a large proportion of the most influential heath blogs active during the study periods, our sampling method had inherent bias.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because many bloggers seek to remain anonymous, comprehensive sociodemographic data were not available.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Many bloggers seek to remain anonymous.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the authenticity of other information, such as blogger occupation, was unverifiable.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Like other bloggers—and like people who seek health information on the Internet2,52,53—health bloggers tend to be younger and better educated than the general population.6,7,54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Technorati.com 2009. State of the blogosphere/2008. Available at: http://technorati.com/blogging/state-of-the-blogosphere. Accessed May 28, 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lenhart A, Fox S. Bloggers: A Portrait of the Internet's New Storytellers Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2006 [Google Scholar] source
- Could not verifycites [54] McKenna L, Pole A. What do bloggers do: an average day on an average political blog. Public Choice 2008;134(1–2):97–108 [Google Scholar] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper discusses the quality of online health information and the needs of different users, but it does not report the age or education of health bloggers. Searches for health bloggers and for age and education demographics found no passage supporting the comparison with the general population. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All blogs were US focused and updated regularly.”
- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
“Eligibility criteria were that the blogs focused predominately on a health-related topic and on the United States, were written in English, and carried a new post at least once during the 6 months prior to data collection.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of 951 blogs is representative of influential health blogs in the United States.
- Also stated in: § METHODS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some (12%) of the blogs featured multiple bloggers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although most physician blogs focused on physicians' own experiences, some also discussed other topics (health policy and law, health research and news).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some blogs from each perspective were personal (self-focused) and others were informational (outwardly focused).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Health blogs feature typical elements of blogging such as internal and external links, archives, blogrolls, and comment sections.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly half the blogs in our sample were written by health professionals, including a large number of physicians, nurses, and other direct-care workers.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The high proportion of blogs focused on mental health, reproduction, HIV/AIDS, and disabilities”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may help patients and caregivers cope with particular diseases and conditions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Health blogs written by patient–consumers might prove useful to providers seeking to better understand the mental, emotional, and physical state of people living with specific conditions.61”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Hillan J. Physician use of patient-centered weblogs and online journals. Clin Med Res 2003;1(4):333–335 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“possibly because women are more likely to coordinate health services for themselves and their families or because they experience greater morbidity and poorer health outcomes.55”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Misra D. Women's Health Data Book: A Profile of Women's Health in the United States 3rd ed.Washington, DC: Jacobs Institute of Women's Health; 2001 [Google Scholar] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that scholars need not catalog thousands of blogs but instead can credibly focus on the most heavily linked ones, because they are the most widely read and influential.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Hindman M, Tsioutsiouliklis K, Johnson JA. “Googlearchy”: how a few heavily-linked sites dominate politics on the Web. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association; March 31, 2003; Chicago, IL [Google Scholar] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This sampling approach is appropriate when the absence of a known population renders a truly random sample impossible to construct.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Patton MQ. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2002 [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: There is no known population of health blogs, so a truly random sample cannot be constructed.
In the paper
“These online communities might serve to empower patient–consumers, providing people with the information necessary to care for themselves and bringing more equality to the provider–patient relationship.59”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Fox S. Online Health Search Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2006 [Google Scholar]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blogging might also serve to improve the broader public health.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Blogging's interactive features—blogrolls, links that appear in posts, and comment sections—might be especially well suited to creating virtual support networks.8,41”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Adams SA. Blog-based applications and health information: two case studies that illustrate important questions from consumer health informatics (CHI) research. Int J Med Inform 2010;79(6):e89–96 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Kovic I, Lulic I, Brumni G. Examining the medical blogosphere: an online survey of medical bloggers. J Med Internet Res 2008;10(3):e28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regarding gender, our findings contrasted with previous research showing that more blogs are written by men than by women.6,7,54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Technorati.com 2009. State of the blogosphere/2008. Available at: http://technorati.com/blogging/state-of-the-blogosphere. Accessed May 28, 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Lenhart A, Fox S. Bloggers: A Portrait of the Internet's New Storytellers Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project; 2006 [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [54] McKenna L, Pole A. What do bloggers do: an average day on an average political blog. Public Choice 2008;134(1–2):97–108 [Google Scholar] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Producing personal narratives can increase self-awareness, which can, in turn, promote active coping.56,57”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Ridgway P. Restorying psychiatric disablity: learning from first person recovery narrratives. Psychiatr Rehabil J 2001;24(4):335–343 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Turkle S. Cyberspace and identity. Contemp Sociol 1999;28(6):643–648 [Google Scholar] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, it may prove cathartic for health professionals dealing with stressful work environments.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rapid increase in the number of health blogs suggests that the health blogosphere will continue to evolve in ways that differ from this snapshot in time.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The number of health blogs is rapidly increasing.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large-scale empirical investigations of information posted on health blogs might better elucidate the state of health and health care.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, authors' representations may have been inaccurate.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, rather than keeping aspects of their identities hidden as they might do in their everyday interactions, blogging might allow people with potentially stigmatizing conditions to freely express themselves while sharing their experiences with others.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because it is likely that the sample was biased toward popular blogs of comparatively greater influence and prestige, some blog topics and areas may have been underrepresented (e.g., concerns of parents about the link between vaccination and autism) and others overrepresented (e.g., physician bloggers' interests).”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although information posted on the Internet is not always reliable because anyone can post content,62,63”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] Eysenbach G, Powell J, Kuss O, Sa ER. Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the World Wide Web: a systematic review. JAMA 2002;287(20):2691–2700 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Not checked yetcites [63] Purcell GP, Willson P, Delamothe T. The quality of information on the Internet. BMJ 2002;324(7337):557–558 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Health blogging communities could act as conduits for disseminating evidence-based information as well.43”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Lagu T, Kaufman EJ, Asch DA, Armstrong K. Content of weblogs written by health professionals. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23(10):1642–1646 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of certain types of blogs might also reflect significant social and political mobilization among communities of persons living with or at risk for particular conditions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Blogs such as these might be devoted to mobilizing people to attend rallies, protests, or marches; sign petitions; raise funds; and support legislation.54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] McKenna L, Pole A. What do bloggers do: an average day on an average political blog. Public Choice 2008;134(1–2):97–108 [Google Scholar] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blogs written by health professionals are noteworthy because they may serve to make health and medical information less arcane and more available to lay people while maintaining professional credibility.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Typically health providers are viewed as a trustworthy source.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also did not identify an unknown number of less widely linked blogs that were not captured by a search engine or connected to a blog aggregator or blogroll.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be particularly true among those with HIV/AIDS and physical disability, groups that have a strong advocacy presence.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This project was approved by Brown University's institutional review board.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Professional organizations such as the American Public Health Association and the American Medical Association have developed guidelines regarding the quality and nature of health and medical information posted on the Internet.64,65”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] American Public Health Association Criteria for assessing the quality of health information on the Internet. Am J Public Health 2001;91(3):513–514 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Not checked yetcites [65] Winker MA, Flanagin A, Chi-Lum B, et al. Guidelines for medical and health information sites on the Internet: principles governing AMA web sites. JAMA 2000;283(12):1600–1606 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is no known population of health blogs, so a truly random sample cannot be constructed.
“This sampling approach is appropriate when the absence of a known population renders a truly random sample impossible to construct.”
“This approach is especially appropriate for studying blogs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Bloggers' demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, education) can be reliably identified from blog content.
“Demographic information involved the identification of blogger gender, age, occupation, and education.”
“Most characteristics were readily identifiable through a cursory review of each blog.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The primary perspective of each blogger can be reliably coded from blog descriptions and posts.
“We also identified topics discussed by reading blog descriptions and posts, and we coded the primary perspective of each blogger.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of 951 blogs is representative of influential health blogs in the United States.
“We analyzed the content and characteristics of influential health blogs and bloggers to provide a more thorough understanding of the health blogosphere than was previously available.”
“We systematically cataloged the content and characteristics of the most influential health blogs and bloggers to provide a more thorough understanding of the health blogosphere than has been available to date.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2007 and 2008 samples can be combined into a single sample of 951 blogs.
“We identified health-related blogs during 2 periods: June to July 2007 and April to May 2008.”
“We analyzed a total of 951 blogs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Typically health providers are viewed as a trustworthy source.
“typically health providers are viewed as a trustworthy source.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many bloggers seek to remain anonymous.
“Because many bloggers seek to remain anonymous”
The paper relies on this without support.
The number of health blogs is rapidly increasing.
“The rapid increase in the number of health blogs”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In a 2010 study of 921 health-related blogs, 43 % of bloggers were physicians [20].”
From Social media use by physicians: a qualitative study of the new frontier of medicine (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ RESULTS
“Slightly more than two thirds of blogs”
§ RESULTS
“(34.3%) had a SiteMeter.”
Citations
Cites
The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research
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Qualitative research & evaluation methods
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Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods
Dijkstra, L. (1985) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/0377-2217(85)90239-5 · Cited by 2,913
Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Kuss, O., & Sa, E.-R. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.20.2691 · Cited by 1,871
Boulos, M. N. K., Maramba, I. D. C., & Wheeler, S. (2006) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/1472-6920-6-41 · Cited by 1,154
Use of the Internet and E-mail for Health Care Information: Results From a National Survey
Baker, L., Wagner, T. H., Singer, S., & Bundorf, M. K. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.18.2400 · Cited by 1,129
Bridging the gap: a genre analysis of Weblogs
Herring, S. C., Scheidt, L. A., Bonus, S., & Wright, E. (2004) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2004.1265271 · Cited by 924
Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questionnaires
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Key differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0
Cormode, G., & Krishnamurthy, B. (2008) · First Monday · doi:10.5210/fm.v13i6.2125 · Cited by 640
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- Harty-Golder B, 2005, MLO Med Lab Obs, 37, 42
- Jacobs N, 2007, Profiles Healthc Commun, 23, 9
- Blass A, 2007, Diabetes Self Manag, 24, 39
- Genes N, 2009, J Emerg Med
- Sandars J, Med Teach, 1
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- Glaser BG, 1967, The Discovery of Grounded Theory
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Social Dimension of Blogging about Health: Health Blogging, Social Support, and Well-being
Rains, S. A., & Keating, D. M. (2011) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2011.618142 · Cited by 190
Social media use by physicians: a qualitative study of the new frontier of medicine
Campbell, L., Evans, Y., Pumper, M., & Moreno, M. A. (2016) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0327-y · Cited by 135
Organic and amplified eWOM in consumer fashion blogs
Kulmala, M., Mesiranta, N., & Tuominen, P. (2013) · Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management · doi:10.1108/13612021311305119 · Cited by 141
Health Vlogs as Social Support for Chronic Illness Management
Huh, J., Liu, L. S., Neogi, T., Inkpen, K. M., & Pratt, W. (2014) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/2630067 · Cited by 125
Health vlogger-viewer interaction in chronic illness management
Liu, L. S., Huh, J., Neogi, T., Inkpen, K. M., & Pratt, W. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2470663 · Cited by 107
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, E. A., & Pole, A.
- Affiliations
- Montclair State University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2010-08
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1514-1519
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC2901304
- OpenAlex
- W2017980577
- Semantic Scholar
- b9fef67ab05ab26f53b3bd470bf2be020fd51391
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 11.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Brown University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- health blogs, blogosphere, bloggers, online health information, blog content analysis, patient perspectives, health professionals' experiences, caregiver perspectives, health information quality
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Educational Status, Female, Health, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Patients, Social Support, United States, Caregivers, Consumer Health Information, Young Adult, Blogging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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