The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Optimal Indicators of Socioeconomic Status for Health Research
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. In this study we examined the relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and mortality for a representative sample of individuals. Methods. The sample included 3734 individuals aged 45 and older interviewed in 1984 in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In the current study, mortality was tracked between 1984 and 1994 and is related to SES indicators of education, occupation, income, and wealth. Results. Wealth and recent family income were the indicators that were most strongly associated with subsequent mortality. These associations persisted after we controlled for the other SES indicators and were stronger for women than for men and for nonelderly than for elderly individuals. Conclusions. We found that the economic indicators of SES were usually as strongly associated with mortality as, if not more strongly associated with mortality than, the more conventional indicators of completed schooling and occupation. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1151–1157)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626958 · Cited by 5,722
The Links Between Education and Health
Ross, C. E., & Wu, C.-L. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096319 · Cited by 1,943
US Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.002025 · Cited by 1,718
Self-citationPappas, G., Queen, S., Hadden, W., & Fisher, G. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290207 · Cited by 1,524
Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00191-8 · Cited by 1,150
Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being
Krieger, N., Rowley, D. L., Herman, A. A., Avery, B., & Phillips, M. T. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30666-4 · Cited by 956
Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions
Williams, D. R. (1997) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(97)00051-3 · Cited by 825
Self-citation
Cited by
The Social Determinants of Health: Coming of Age
Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2011) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218 · Cited by 2,476
Self-citationSocioeconomic Status and Access to Healthcare: Interrelated Drivers for Healthy Aging
McMaughan, D. J., Oloruntoba, O., & Smith, M. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00231 · Cited by 895
Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods.
O'Neill, M. S., Jerrett, M., Kawachi, I., Levy, J. I., Cohen, A. J., Gouveia, N., Wilkinson, P., Fletcher, T., Cifuentes, L., Schwartz, J., et al. (2003) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6334 · Cited by 745
Estimated deaths attributable to social factors in the United States
Galea, S., Tracy, M., Hoggatt, K. J., DiMaggio, C., & Karpati, A. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300086 · Cited by 606
Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence
Kawachi, I., Adler, N. E., & Dow, W. H. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05340.x · Cited by 465
Metadata
- Authors
- Duncan, G. J., Daly, M. C., McDonough, P., & Williams, D. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2002-07
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1151-1157
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2141106206
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 18.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Optimal Indicators of Socioeconomic Status for Health Research. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.2105/ajph.92.7.1151
- The paper
- Duncan, G. J., Daly, M. C., McDonough, P., & Williams, D. R. (2002). Optimal Indicators of Socioeconomic Status for Health Research. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.7.1151
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
