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Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration Rates by Tillage and Crop Rotation: A Global Data Analysis
Abstract
Changes in agricultural management can potentially increase the accumulation rate of soil organic C (SOC), thereby sequestering CO 2 from the atmosphere. This study was conducted to quantify potential soil C sequestration rates for different crops in response to decreasing tillage intensity or enhancing rotation complexity, and to estimate the duration of time over which sequestration may occur. Analyses of C sequestration rates were completed using a global database of 67 long‐term agricultural experiments, consisting of 276 paired treatments. Results indicate, on average, that a change from conventional tillage (CT) to no‐till (NT) can sequester 57 ± 14 g C m −2 yr −1 , excluding wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)‐fallow systems which may not result in SOC accumulation with a change from CT to NT. Enhancing rotation complexity can sequester an average 20 ± 12 g C m −2 yr −1 , excluding a change from continuous corn ( Zea mays L.) to corn‐soybean ( Glycine max L.) which may not result in a significant accumulation of SOC. Carbon sequestration rates, with a change from CT to NT, can be expected to peak in 5 to 10 yr with SOC reaching a new equilibrium in 15 to 20 yr. Following initiation of an enhancement in rotation complexity, SOC may reach a new equilibrium in approximately 40 to 60 yr. Carbon sequestration rates, estimated for a number of individual crops and crop rotations in this study, can be used in spatial modeling analyses to more accurately predict regional, national, and global C sequestration potentials.
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“Conversely, reduced tillage results in soil C sequestration (e.g., West & Post, 2002;Bernacchi et al., 2005;Grandy & Robertson, 2007), and SOC accumulation under perennial grasses grown on former cropland may be partially attributable to the cessation of tillage.”
From Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops (2009) · cites this paper as West & Post, 2002
In the citing paper
“A decrease in residue decomposition due to reduced soil tillage (Paustian et al. 2000, West and Post 2002) and reduced quality of crop residues (Heal et al. 1997) also increases SOC.”
From LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF NET GREENHOUSE-GAS FLUX FOR BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS (2007) · cites this paper as West and Post 2002
In the citing paper
“Monoculture corn has been observed to have higher SOC than corn-soybean rotation (Havlin et al. 1990, Studdert and Echeverria 2000, West and Post 2002) since soybean provides less residue input to the soil than corn.”
From LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF NET GREENHOUSE-GAS FLUX FOR BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS (2007) · cites this paper as West and Post 2002
In the citing paper
“Although management practices, such as conservation tillage, can increase soil organic carbon content in both extensive and intensive systems ([15](#r15), [16](#r16)), we do not assume any such gains in the AW scenarios between 1961 and 2005.”
From Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Ploughing releases SOC and, in a similar vein, no-till agriculture (that may also be used with perennial crops) assists carbon sequestration and decreases soil erosion (e.g.Paustian et al., 2000;West and Post, 2002;Sainju et al., 2003;Lal et al., 2004;Bernacchi et al., 2005;Amado et al., 2006;Montgomery, 2007;Huggins and Reganold, 2008;Villamil et al., 2008;Lo ´pez-Bellido et al., 2010)”
From Breeding crop plants with deep roots: their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient and water sequestration (2011) · cites this paper as West and Post, 2002
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Cited by
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Soil Carbon Sequestration Impacts on Global Climate Change and Food Security
Lal, R. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097396 · Cited by 8,376
Bates, B. C., Kundzewicz, Z. W., & Wu, S. (2008) · TaCCIRe Repository (Sokoine University of Agriculture) · Cited by 2,641
Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z. C., Gwary, D. M., Janzen, H. H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B. A., Ogle, S. M., O’Mara, F. P., Rice, C. W., et al. (2007) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2184 · Cited by 2,690
“Examples of such practices include: using improved crop varieties; extending crop rotations, notably those with perennial crops which allocate more C below-ground; and avoiding or reducing use of bare (unplanted) fallow (West & Post 2002; Lal 2003, 2004a; Freibauer et al. 2004; Smith 2004a,b).”
BackgroundBacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems
Six, J., Frey, S. D., Thiet, R. K., & Batten, K. M. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.0347 · Cited by 2,176
“No-tillage and minimum tillage (MT) systems often exhibit increased C storage compared with CT (Ogle et al., 2003; Six et al., 2002; West and Post, 2002); however, this difference disappears with the use of fallow rotations (Peterson et al.”
BackgroundThe knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon
Stockmann, U., Adams, M. A., Crawford, J. W., Field, D. J., Henakaarchchi, N., Jenkins, M. E., Minasny, B., McBratney, A. B., de Courcelles, V. D. R., Singh, K., et al. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.001 · Cited by 1,827
Lal, R. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2185 · Cited by 1,413
Tillage and soil carbon sequestration—What do we really know?
Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., & Griffis, T. J. (2007) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.014 · Cited by 1,252
Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification
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“Although management practices, such as conservation tillage, can increase soil organic carbon content in both extensive and intensive systems (15, 16), we do not assume any such gains in the AW scenarios between 1961 and 2005.”
BackgroundGlobal change pressures on soils from land use and management
Smith, P., House, J. I., Bustamante, M., Sobocká, J., Harper, R. J., Pan, G., West, P. C., Clark, J. M., Adhya, T. K., Rumpel, C., et al. (2015) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13068 · Cited by 1,087
“Several studies report that soil carbon increases in croplands under no-till management (West & Post, 2002; Ogle et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMeeting Cereal Demand While Protecting Natural Resources and Improving Environmental Quality
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T., & Yang, H. S. (2003) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858 · Cited by 1,035
“Post-green revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the North-Central United States.”
BackgroundInfluentialConservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview
Palm, C. A., Blanco‐Canqui, H., DeClerck, F., Gatere, L., & Grace, P. (2013) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2013.10.010 · Cited by 994
Six, J., Ogle, S. M., Jay breidt, F., Conant, R. T., Mosier, A. R., & Paustian, K. (2004) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00730.x · Cited by 878
“Interestingly, West & Post (2002) did find a similar climatic trend as our analysis that showed NT adoption in rotations that have a bare fallow year, which are indicative of rotations in dry climates, had less or even no carbon sequestration relative to CT systems.”
ResultThe spread of Conservation Agriculture: justification, sustainability and uptake
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., & Pretty, J. (2009) · International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability · doi:10.3763/ijas.2009.0477 · Cited by 876
“…root exudation of carbon compounds directly into the soil during crop growth (Jones, 2007), there is a reversal from net loss to net gain of carbon in the soil, and the commencement of long-term processes of carbon sequestration (West & Post, 2002; Blanco-Canqui & Lal, 2008; CTIC/FAO, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSoane, B. D., Ball, B. C., Arvidsson, J., Basch, G., Moreno, F., & Roger‐Estrade, J. (2011) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.10.015 · Cited by 823
Crop rotational diversity enhances belowground communities and functions in an agroecosystem
Tiemann, L. K., Grandy, A. S., Atkinson, E. E., Marín-Spiotta, E., & McDaniel, M. D. (2015) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.12453 · Cited by 828
“However, this experimental design has provided insight into the more subtle effects of rotational diversity than have been previously observed in real-world cropping systems (West & Post 2002; McDaniel et al. 2014b) even though we cannot directly assess diversity vs. compositional effects per se.”
BackgroundLuo, Z., Wang, E., & Sun, O. J. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.006 · Cited by 869
Lal, R. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14054 · Cited by 900
Abdalla, M., Hastings, A., Cheng, K., Yue, Q., Chadwick, D., Espenberg, M., Truu, J., Rees, R. M., & Smith, P. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14644 · Cited by 747
“Previous studies showed both beneficial (Gonzalez‐Sanchez, Ordonez‐Fernandez, Carbonell‐ Bojollo, Veroz‐Gonzalez, & Gil‐Ribes, 2012; West & Post, 2002) and no impact (Dimassi et al., 2014; Powlson et al., 2014) of no‐till rela‐ tive to conventional tillage on SOC.”
ResultThe Myth of Nitrogen Fertilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration
Khan, S. A., Mulvaney, R. L., Ellsworth, T. R., & Boast, C. W. (2007) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2007.0099 · Cited by 749
“5 Mg C ha 1 yr 1 after conversion of conventional tillage to no-till (e.g., Lal et al., 1999; West and Post, 2002).”
Increasing organic stocks in agricultural soils: Knowledge gaps and potential innovations
Chenu, C., Angers, D. A., Barré, P., Derrien, D., Arrouays, D., & Balesdent, J. (2018) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2018.04.011 · Cited by 813
“Additional SOC storage is even less pronounced when other techniques are considered, such as chisel, harrow or disk (Meurer et al., 2018; West and Post, 2002).”
MethodMechanisms of Carbon Sequestration in Soil Aggregates
Blanco‐Canqui, H., & Lal, R. (2004) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352680490886842 · Cited by 756
“Crop rotation effects on SOC sequestration are, however, altered by tillage (Lal, 2002), quantity and quality of organic residues (Chan and Heenan, 1999), type of crops (West and Post, 2002), and site-specific soil characteristics (Lal et al., 1997; Jarecki and Lal, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMosier, A. R., Halvorson, A. D., Reule, C. A., & Liu, X. J. (2006) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0232 · Cited by 750
“5 cm of soil with little change observed below that depth (West and Post, 2002).”
Agricultural opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions
Johnson, J. M. F., Franzluebbers, A. J., Weyers, S. L., & Reicosky, D. C. (2007) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.030 · Cited by 751
“, perennial roots and microorganisms), or recalcitrant organic and inorganic C in soils and deeper subsurface environments (West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops
Linquist, B. A., van Groenigen, K. J., Adviento‐Borbe, M. A., Pittelkow, C. M., & van Kessel, C. (2011) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02502.x · Cited by 707
“It is generally agreed that the net balance between C respiration and fixation in a cropping system is reflected by changes in soil organic carbon over time (West & Post, 2002; Stewart et al., 2007).”
BackgroundOgle, S. M., Breidt, F. J., & Paustian, K. H. (2005) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0360-2 · Cited by 715
Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits.
Derpsch, R., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., & Li, H. (2010) · International journal of agricultural and biological engineering · doi:10.25165/ijabe.v3i1.223 · Cited by 681
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF NET GREENHOUSE-GAS FLUX FOR BIOENERGY CROPPING SYSTEMS
Adler, P. R., Grosso, S. J. D., & Parton, W. J. (2007) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/05-2018 · Cited by 652
“A decrease in residue decomposition due to reduced soil tillage (Paustian et al. 2000, West and Post 2002) and reduced quality of crop residues (Heal et al. 1997) also increases SOC.”
BackgroundSmith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., Ogle, S., O’Mara, F., Rice, C., et al. (2007) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2006.06.006 · Cited by 635
Mbuthia, L. W., Acosta‐Martínez, V., DeBruyn, J. M., Schaeffer, S. M., Tyler, D. D., Odoi, E. W., Mpheshea, M. J., Walker, F. R., & Eash, N. S. (2015) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.06.016 · Cited by 632
Determining soil quality indicators by factor analysis
Shukla, M. K., Lal, R., & Ebinger, M. H. (2005) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.03.011 · Cited by 624
“7 Mg ha 1 yr 1 (Paustian et al., 1997; West and Post, 2002; Shukla and Lal, 2004; Shukla et al., 2004b) under different land use and management practices.”
BackgroundNo‐Tillage and Soil‐Profile Carbon Sequestration: An On‐Farm Assessment
Blanco‐Canqui, H., & Lal, R. (2008) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0233 · Cited by 631
Intercropping enhances soil carbon and nitrogen
Cong, W., Hoffland, E., Li, L., Six, J., Jian-hao, S., Bao, X., Zhang, F. S., & van der Werf, W. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12738 · Cited by 606
“Agricultural management practises such as zero-tillage, cover crops and complex rotations with deeper roots can enhance the rate of C sequestration by 50 to 500 kg C ha 1 yr 1 (West & Post, 2002; Lal, 2004; McDaniel et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLal, R., Negassa, W., & Lorenz, K. (2015) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002 · Cited by 580
Lal, R. (2010) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.9.8 · Cited by 574
“The rate and total magnitude of SOC sequestration, an average of about 0.55 × 10–9 Pg C per ha per year on a global scale (West and Post 2002), depend on residue management and recycling organics; climate regime; N application; and soil properties, including the antecedent SOC pool.”
BackgroundInfluentialBiogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils
Smith, P., Cotrufo, M. F., Rumpel, C., Paustian, K. H., Kuikman, P. J., Elliott, J. A., McDowell, R. W., Griffiths, R. I., Asakawa, S., Bustamante, M., et al. (2015) · SOIL · doi:10.5194/soil-1-665-2015 · Cited by 593
Full‐Inversion Tillage and Organic Carbon Distribution in Soil Profiles: A Meta‐Analysis
Angers, D. A., & Eriksen‐Hamel, N. S. (2008) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2007.0342 · Cited by 530
Conservation Agriculture and Soil Carbon Sequestration: Between Myth and Farmer Reality
Govaerts, B., Verhulst, N., Castellanos-Navarrete, A., Sayre, K. D., Dixon, J., & Dendooven, L. (2009) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352680902776358 · Cited by 550
“West and Post (2002) calculated from a global database of 67 long-term experiments that enhancing rotation complexity (i.e., changing from monoculture to continuous rotation cropping, changing crop–fallow to continuous monoculture or rotation cropping, or increasing the number of crops in a…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEthanol as Fuel: Energy, Carbon Dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint
de Oliveira, M. E. D., Vaughan, B. E., & Rykiel, E. J. (2005) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0593:eafecd]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 519
Annual carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize-based agroecosystems
Verma, S. B., Dobermann, A., Cassman, K. G., Walters, D. T., Knops, J. M. H., Arkebauer, T. J., Suyker, A. E., Burba, G. G., Amos, B., Yang, H. S., et al. (2005) · Agricultural and Forest Meteorology · doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.003 · Cited by 517
“However, most of the published estimates have been obtained from long-term experiments conducted on relatively small plots or from simulation studies (e.g., Paustian et al., 1997 and West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialResponses of soil carbon sequestration to climate‐smart agriculture practices: A meta‐analysis
Bai, X., Huang, Y., Ren, W., Coyne, M. S., Jacinthe, P.-A., Tao, B., Hui, D., Yang, J., & Matocha, C. J. (2019) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14658 · Cited by 541
Sequestering carbon and increasing productivity by conservation agriculture
Lal, R. (2015) · Journal of Soil and Water Conservation · doi:10.2489/jswc.70.3.55a · Cited by 524
Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems
Lal, R. (2011) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.12.001 · Cited by 536
The Nature and Longevity of Agricultural Impacts on Soil Carbon and Nutrients: A Review
McLauchlan, K. K. (2006) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0135-1 · Cited by 519
“slows as SOC levels reach a new equilibrium that depends on tillage practice ( West and Post 2002 ) and the level of C inputs returned to the soil as crop residue or animal manures (Kirchmann and others 2004).”
How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review
Haddaway, N., Hedlund, K., Jackson, L. E., Kätterer, T., Lugato, E., Thomsen, I. K., Jørgensen, H. B., & Isberg, P. (2017) · Environmental Evidence · doi:10.1186/s13750-017-0108-9 · Cited by 546
Gregorich, E. G., Rochette, P., VandenBygaart, A. J., & Angers, D. A. (2005) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.02.009 · Cited by 475
“It is generally acknowledged that minimizing soil disturbance promotes soil C storage (Paustian et al., 1997; West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChivenge, P. P., Murwira, H. K., Giller, K. E., Mapfumo, P., & Six, J. (2006) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.08.006 · Cited by 470
“In general, reduced tillage practices have been found to result in enhanced stabilization of SOC within temperate and (sub)tropical soils (e.g. Six et al., 2002a; West and Post, 2002) and have been related to the formation and stabilization of aggregates (Six et al.”
BackgroundBai, Z., Caspari, T., González, M. R., Batjes, N. H., Mader, P. M., Bünemann, E. K., de Goede, R. G. M., Brussaard, L., Xu, M., Ferreira, C., et al. (2018) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2018.05.028 · Cited by 470
“Favourable effects of crop rotation on SOM levels and yield were reported by various reviews (e.g., Bullock, 1992; West and Post, 2002; Jarecki and Lal, 2003), and neutral impacts on SOM content by Spiegel et al.”
Backgroundvan Kessel, C., Venterea, R., Six, J., Adviento‐Borbe, M. A., Linquist, B., & van Groenigen, K. J. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02779.x · Cited by 463
“Six et al. (2004) argued that following long-term adoption of NT/RT, increased soil organic matter content (West & Post, 2002; Mann, 1986; Ogle et al., 2005) can improve soil structure and therefore decrease the tendency for the formation of anaerobic microsites conducive to N2O production (Malhi…”
BackgroundA review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservation tillage effects on soil organic carbon storage
Álvarez, R., & Alvarez, R. (2005) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00105.x · Cited by 444
“No-till generally leads to an increase of SOC content compared with conventional tillage that is more pronounced in the upper layers of the profile, and not detectable below 15 cm depth (Kern & Johnson 1993; West & Post 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialKell, D. B. (2011) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcr175 · Cited by 439
“…agriculture (that may also be used with perennial crops) assists carbon sequestration and decreases soil erosion (e.g. Paustian et al., 2000; West and Post, 2002; Sainju et al., 2003; Lal et al., 2004; Bernacchi et al., 2005; Amado et al., 2006; Montgomery, 2007; Huggins and Reganold, 2008;…”
BackgroundCellulosic biofuel contributions to a sustainable energy future: Choices and outcomes
Robertson, G. P., Hamilton, S. K., Barham, B. L., Dale, B. E., Izaurralde, R. C., Jackson, R. D., Landis, D. A., Swinton, S. M., Thelen, K. D., & Tiedje, J. M. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal2324 · Cited by 440
Lu, F., Wang, X., Han, B., Ouyang, Z., Duan, X., Zheng, H., & MIAO, H. (2008) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01743.x · Cited by 433
“Using a global database of 67 long-term agricultural experiments, comprising 276 paired treatments, West & Post (2002) pointed out that, on average, a change from conventional tillage (CT) to NT could sequester 14–57 g C m 2 yr 1.”
MethodLuo, Z., Wang, E., & Sun, O. J. (2010) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.12.012 · Cited by 436
“The most commonly held view is that CAPs lead to an increase in soil C (West and Post, 2002; Jarecki and Lal, 2003; Freibauer et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialFalloon, P., & Betts, R. (2009) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.002 · Cited by 431
Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial biomass and enzyme activities
Zuber, S. M., & Villamil, M. B. (2016) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.011 · Cited by 431
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and grain arsenic levels in rice systems
Linquist, B. A., Anders, M. M., Adviento‐Borbe, M. A., Chaney, R. L., Nalley, L. L., da Rosa, E. D. F. F., & van Kessel, C. (2014) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12701 · Cited by 439
“The net balance between C respiration and fixation in a cropping system is reflected by changes in soil organic C over time (West & Post, 2002; Stewart et al., 2007) which is difficult to detect in shortterm experiments due to the relatively small change and high degree of spatial variability of…”
BackgroundThe nitrogen legacy: emerging evidence of nitrogen accumulation in anthropogenic landscapes
Meter, K. J. V., Basu, N. B., Veenstra, J. J., & Burras, C. L. (2016) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/035014 · Cited by 459
Land-use intensity effects on soil organic carbon accumulation rates and Mechanisms
Grandy, A. S., & Robertson, G. P. (2007) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-006-9010-y · Cited by 408
“Previous research at KBS (De Gryze and others 2004) and other studies (for example, West and Post 2002 ) have shown that C accumulates primarily near the soil surface following changes in tillage.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChanges in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops
ANDERSON‐TEIXEIRA, K. J., DAVIS, S. C., MASTERS, M. D., & DELUCIA, E. H. (2009) · GCB Bioenergy · doi:10.1111/j.1757-1707.2008.01001.x · Cited by 391
“Conversely, reduced tillage results in soil C sequestration (e.g., West & Post, 2002; Bernacchi et al., 2005; Grandy & Robertson, 2007), and SOC accumulation under perennial grasses grown on former cropland may be partially attributable to the cessation of tillage.”
BackgroundChen, H., Hou, R., Gong, Y., Li, H., Fan, M., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2009) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2009.09.009 · Cited by 401
“The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided a multiplication factor of 1.1 for a change from conventional to NT, essentially corresponding to a 10% increase in SOC cited by West and Post (2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialSoil C Sequestration as a Biological Negative Emission Strategy
Paustian, K. H., Larson, E. D., Kent, J., Marx, E., & Swan, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2019.00008 · Cited by 431
Ecological-economic trade-offs of Diversified Farming Systems – A review
Rosa-Schleich, J., Loos, J., Mußhoff, O., & Tscharntke, T. (2019) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.002 · Cited by 397
Dolan, M. S., Clapp, C. E., Allmaras, R. R., Baker, J. M., & Molina, J. A. E. (2005) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.07.015 · Cited by 395
“More recently, West and Post (2002) described changes in soil C sequestration rates due to tillage over decades before coming to equilibrium.”
BackgroundMazzoncini, M., Sapkota, T. B., Bàrberi, P., Antichi, D., & Risaliti, R. (2011) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2011.05.001 · Cited by 392
Berhane, M., Miao, X., Liang, Z., Shi, J., Wei, G., & Tian, X. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15018 · Cited by 395
“…have paid attention to C sequestration and possibilities for mitigating SOC loss by optimizing appropriate crop rotation, proper application rates for organic and inorganic fertilizers, conservation tillage, and integrated soil fertility management (Srinivasarao et al., 2012; West & Post, 2002).”
BackgroundEffects of agricultural management on soil organic matter and carbon transformation - a review
Liu, X., Herbert, S. J., Hashemi, A. M., Zhang, X., & Ding, G. (2006) · Plant Soil and Environment · doi:10.17221/3544-pse · Cited by 397
“West and Post (2002) analyzed the C sequestration rates using a global database of 67 long-term agricultural experiments and indicated that on average, a change from CT to NT can sequester 57 ± 14 g C/m2/yr, and by enhancing crop rotation complexity it can sequester an average of 20 ± 12 g C/m2/yr.”
MethodConservation Agriculture, Improving Soil Quality for Sustainable Production Systems?
Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B., Verachtert, E., Castellanos-Navarrete, A., Mezzalama, M., Wall, P., Chocobar-Guerra, A., Deckers, J., & Sayre, K. D. (2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439800577-7 · Cited by 385
Why do we need to standardize no-tillage research?
Derpsch, R., Franzluebbers, A. J., Duiker, S. W., Reicosky, D. C., Köller, K., Friedrich, T., Sturny, W. G., Sá, J. C. D. M., & Weiss, K. (2013) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.10.002 · Cited by 372
Khangura, R. K., Ferris, D., Wagg, C., & Bowyer, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032338 · Cited by 472
“A shift from CT to NT significantly increased C sequestration, with crop rotation adding even more C [126].”
Lal, R., Griffin, M., Apt, J., Lave, L., & Morgan, M. G. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093079 · Cited by 375
Gaba, S., Lescourret, F., Boudsocq, S., Enjalbert, J., Hinsinger, P., Journet, E., Navas, M., Wéry, J., Louarn, G., Malézieux, É., et al. (2014) · Agronomy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0272-z · Cited by 424
“This can be achieved by efficient management practices such as diversifying crop successions, reducing tillage, and planting cover crops (group B) (West and Post 2002; Jarecki and Lal 2003).”
Traditional agriculture: a climate-smart approach for sustainable food production
Singh, R., & Singh, G. S. (2017) · Energy Ecology and Environment · doi:10.1007/s40974-017-0074-7 · Cited by 405
“Analysis of long-term experiments indicated that increasing crop rotation intensity from single crop (corn) to double crop (corn-soybean) enhanced carbon sequestration by 20 g cm year in humid continental climate at Wooster of Ohio, USA (West and Post 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialPage, K., Dang, Y. P., & Dalal, R. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00031 · Cited by 403
VandenBygaart, A. J., Gregorich, E. G., & Angers, D. A. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.4141/s03-009 · Cited by 361
West, T. O., & Six, J. (2007) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9173-8 · Cited by 360
“For example, West and Post (2002) estimate that a change from conventional tillage to no-till results in an average 14.7±3.1% increase in soil C, with the average field experiment being 15.4±2.8 yrs (see Table 1). Disaggregating the data by climate regime indicates a 16.6±6.6% increase in soil C over 13.9±5.5 years in…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationImpact of No-Tillage and Conventional Tillage Systems on Soil Microbial Communities
Mathew, R. P., Feng, Y., Githinji, L. J. M., Ankumah, R., & Balkcom, K. S. (2012) · Applied and Environmental Soil Science · doi:10.1155/2012/548620 · Cited by 359
“The advantages of conservation tillage practices over conventional tillage include (1) reducing cultivation cost; (2) allowing crop residues to act as an insulator and reducing soil temperature fluctuation; (3) building up soil organic matter; (4) conserving soil moisture [4, 5].”
BackgroundSoil organic carbon and nitrogen in a Mollisol in central Ohio as affected by tillage and land use
Puget, P., & Lal, R. (2004) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2004.03.018 · Cited by 360
Magnitude and farm-economic value of grain legume pre-crop benefits in Europe: A review
Preißel, S., Reckling, M., Schläfke, N., & Zander, P. M. (2015) · Field Crops Research · doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2015.01.012 · Cited by 342
“The ‘break crop effect’ includes benefits to soil organic matter and structure (e.g. Leithold et al., 1997; West and Post, 2002; Wu et al., 2003; Hernanz et al., 2009), phosphorus mobilisation (Egle et al., 2003; Shen et al., 2011), and reduced pressure from diseases and weeds (e.g. Robson et al.,…”
BackgroundNo-till management impacts on crop productivity, carbon input and soil carbon sequestration
Ogle, S. M., Swan, A., & Paustian, K. H. (2012) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.12.010 · Cited by 368
The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services
Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I., & Gemmill‐Herren, B. (2007) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003 · Cited by 339
“This includes enhancing soil fertility with practices such as multiple cropping and agroforestry, enhancing crop rotation complexity, adding cover crops year-round, using improved crops or varieties, and planting deep-rooted crops or varieties (Lal and Kimble, 1997; West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundPowlson, D. S., Bhogal, A., CHAMBERS, B. J., Coleman, K., Macdonald, A. J., Goulding, K. W. T., & Whitmore, A. P. (2011) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2011.10.004 · Cited by 334
Soil Constraints in an Arid Environment—Challenges, Prospects, and Implications
Naorem, A., Jayaraman, S., Dang, Y. P., Dalal, R. C., Sinha, N. K., Rao, C. S., & Patra, A. K. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13010220 · Cited by 372
Choudhury, S. G., Srivastava, S., Singh, R., Chaudhari, S. K., Sharma, D. K., Singh, S. K., & Sarkar, D. (2013) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.10.001 · Cited by 343
Grain Legume Production and Use in European Agricultural Systems
Watson, C. A., Reckling, M., Preißel, S., Bachinger, J., Bergkvist, G., Kuhlman, T., Lindström, K., Nemecek, T., Topp, K., Vanhatalo, A., et al. (2017) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2017.03.003 · Cited by 331
Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks: A review
Paradelo, R., Virto, I., & Chenu, C. (2015) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.005 · Cited by 329
“Abundant literature exist about this issue, addressing different tillage practices, such as organic farming, no-till, reduced, or conventional tillage, as well as mineral or organic fertilization (e.g. Paustian et al., 1998; West and Post, 2002; Conant et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTargeting perennial vegetation in agricultural landscapes for enhancing ecosystem services
Asbjornsen, H., Hernández‐Santana, V., Liebman, M., Bayala, J., Chen, J., Helmers, M. J., Ong, C. K., & Moore, L. A. S. (2013) · Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems · doi:10.1017/s1742170512000385 · Cited by 329
Ogle, S. M., Alsaker, C., Baldock, J., Bernoux, M., Breidt, F. J., McConkey, B. G., Regina, K., & Vazquez-Amabile, G. G. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47861-7 · Cited by 342
Ussiri, D. A. N., & Lal, R. (2009) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2008.11.008 · Cited by 324
“Appropriate management can enable agricultural soils to be a net sink for sequestering atmospheric CO2 and other GHG (Lal and Kimble, 1997; Paustian et al., 1997; West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundSoil carbon sequestration in phytoliths
Parr, J. F., & Sullivan, L. A. (2004) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.06.013 · Cited by 323
GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996- 2006
Brookes, G., & Barfoot, P. (2008) · Cited by 320
Franzluebbers, A. J. (2010) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2009.0079 · Cited by 332
Microbial spatial footprint as a driver of soil carbon stabilization
Kravchenko, A., Guber, A. K., Razavi, B. S., Koestel, J., Quigley, M., Robertson, G. P., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11057-4 · Cited by 329
Nitrogen Oxide and Methane Emissions under Varying Tillage and Fertilizer Management
Venterea, R. T., Burger, M., & Spokas, K. A. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2005.0018 · Cited by 312
“able impact on atmospheric concentrations of greenThere is little consensus within the central United States, house gases (GHGs) by promoting the storage of soil or anywhere else, whether reduced tillage leads to incarbon (C) (Lal et al., 1998; West and Post, 2002).”
BackgroundChanges in organic carbon stocks upon land use conversion in the Brazilian Cerrado: A review
Batlle-Bayer, L., Batjes, N. H., & Bindraban, P. S. (2010) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.02.003 · Cited by 326
Purakayastha, T. J., Rudrappa, L., Singh, D., Swarup, A., & Bhadraray, S. (2008) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.006 · Cited by 311
Sun, W., Canadell, J. G., Yu, L., Yu, L., Zhang, W. J., Smith, P., Fischer, T., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.15001 · Cited by 330
“However, the distribution of potential C sequestration in no-till systems and consequently its overall contribution to the global soil C pool continues to be debated (Luo et al., 2010; Powlson et al., 2014; Smith, 2008; West & Post, 2002).”
BackgroundDiversified Crop Rotation: An Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Production
Shah, K. K., Modi, B., Pandey, H. P., Subedi, A., Aryal, G., Pandey, M., & Shrestha, J. (2021) · Advances in Agriculture · doi:10.1155/2021/8924087 · Cited by 329
“According to two global studies conducted by [24, 56, 58], crop rotation diversification or better crop rotation has been linked to higher soil organic carbon (SOC) levels than monoculture [59, 60].”
BackgroundThomas, G. A., Dalal, R. C., & Standley, J. (2006) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2006.08.005 · Cited by 310
“From an analysis of long-term experiments, West and Marland (2002) concluded that the effects of notillage on soil organic C sequestration were positive, although most of these studies were confined to cooler, temperate environments.”
BackgroundSoil organic carbon sequestration and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the southeastern USA
Franzluebbers, A. J. (2005) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2005.02.012 · Cited by 322
“From a compilation of tillage studies around the world (n = 93), West and Post (2002) reported SOC sequestration with NT of 0.48 0.13 Mg ha 1 year 1 (mean of 15 years).”
BackgroundInfluentialEnergy crops and their implications on soil and environment
Blanco‐Canqui, H. (2010) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0333 · Cited by 306
Metadata
- Authors
- West, T. O., & Post, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- West, Tristram O.
- Venue
- Soil Science Society of America Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1930-1946
- ISSN
- 0361-5995 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-0661
- OpenAlex
- W136628441
- Cited by
- 2,215
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 128
- FWCI
- 62.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Soil Science Society of America Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Curtin University of Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Management and Crop Yield
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Keywords
- soil organic carbon sequestration, carbon sequestration rate, no-tillage, conventional tillage, long-term agricultural experiments, carbon sequestration potential
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