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Cited by 1,037Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ResearchRespiratory Support and MechanismsCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Effect of aging on respiratory system physiology and immunology

Open access
Sharma, Gulshan, Goodwin, James·2006·Clinical Interventions in Aging
DOI 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.253PMC PMC2695176
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Abstract

With the looming expansion of the elderly population of the US, a thorough understanding of "normal" aging-related changes on the respiratory system is paramount. The respiratory system undergoes various anatomical, physiological and immunological changes with age. The structural changes include chest wall and thoracic spine deformities which impairs the total respiratory system compliance leading to increase work of breathing. The lung parenchyma loses its supporting structure causing dilation of air spaces: "senile emphysema". Respiratory muscle strength decreases with age and can impair effective cough, which is important for airway clearance. The lung matures by age 20-25 years, and thereafter aging is associated with progressive decline in lung function. The alveolar dead space increases with age, affecting arterial oxygen without impairing the carbon dioxide elimination. The airways receptors undergo functional changes with age and are less likely to respond to drugs used in younger counterparts to treat the same disorders. Older adults have decreased sensation of dyspnea and diminished ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, making them more vulnerable to ventilatory failure during high demand states (ie, heart failure, pneumonia, etc) and possible poor outcomes.

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  • Despite an age-associated reduction in elastic recoil, due to decreased respiratory strength and chest wall compliance, total lung capacity does not significantly change with age.

    “Despite an age-associated reduction in elastic recoil, due to decreased respiratory strength and chest wall compliance, total lung capacity does not significantly change with age (7, 12, 14, 19).”

    From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Due to changes in lung function and anatomy as well as lung antioxidant defenses, the aged lung is more susceptible to environmental exposure-induced injury.

    “Due to changes in lung function and anatomy as well as lung antioxidant defenses, the aged lung is more susceptible to environmental exposure–induced injury (19, 86).”

    From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

  • COPD is associated with abnormalities in ciliary function and decreased mucociliary clearance, which can lead to increased incidence of recurrent infections, bronchiectasis, and airway obstruction.

    “COPD is also associated with abnormalities in ciliary function and decreased mucociliary clearance, which can lead to increased incidence of recurrent infections, bronchiectasis, and airway obstruction (19, 63, 64, 86, 140).”

    From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Age-associated immunosenescence and cellular senescence in response to exposure to cigarette smoke can greatly impact COPD pathogenesis.

    “Age-associated immunosenescence and cellular senescence in response to exposure to cigarette smoke can greatly impact COPD pathogenesis (3, 19, 86).”

    From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

  • Age-associated impairments in innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung may contribute to increased susceptibility of older persons developing an asthma exacerbation.

    “Age-associated impairments in innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung may contribute to increased susceptibility of older persons developing an asthma exacerbation (3, 19, 107, 109, 110).”

    From Aging and Lung Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

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Authors
Sharma, G., & Goodwin, J.
Affiliations
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author
Sharma, Gulshan
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Interventions in Aging
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2006-08
Volume
1
Issue
3
Pages
253-260
ISSN
1176-9092 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.2147/ciia.2006.1.3.253
PMC
PMC2695176
OpenAlex
W2018762529
Cited by
1,037
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 74 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 114 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 20
FWCI
0.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Clinical Interventions in Aging (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
aging, respiratory system, lung function decline, respiratory muscle strength, cough, alveolar dead space, dyspnea, airway receptors, ventilatory response, work of breathing, respiratory immunology
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Child, Humans, Middle Aged, Research, Respiratory System, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, United States

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