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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission
Open accessAbstract
Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.
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“Though costlier, DXA is a reliable method for assessing BMD and estimating fat and lean masses, provided standard test protocols are used.[138][139][140]”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [138]
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“Although ultrasound devices have been used in body composition research for many years, recent technological advances have led to more affordable, portable devices that can be used in field settings (11,12).”
BackgroundOng, J. N., Ducker, K. J., Furzer, B. J., Dymock, M., & Landers, G. J. (2022) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.03.016 · Cited by 8
Kutac, P., Bunc, V., Sigmund, M., Bužga, M., & Krajcigr, M. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14605-8 · Cited by 8
“One of the methods to evaluate the general health, nutritional condition, and overall fitness of an individual is to analyse their body composition [1, 37].”
MethodKelso, A., Müller, W., Fürhapter-Rieger, A., Sengeis, M., Ahammer, H., & Steinacker, J. M. (2020) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-020-02044-6 · Cited by 8
Self-citationFeria, N. D. C. C., López, M. K., Rengifo, M. C. M., García, H. H. H., & Gómez-Velásquez, S. (2021) · Nutrición Hospitalaria · doi:10.20960/nh.03206 · Cited by 8
“Entre los métodos de campo, la toma de medidas antropométricas sigue siendo la técnica más usada, económica y práctica (5).”
BackgroundInfluentialToo Tall for the DXA Scan? Contributions of the Feet and Head to Overall Body Composition
Hew‐Butler, T., Jurczyszyn, H., Sabourin, J., VanSumeren, M., & Smith‐Hale, V. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2021.11.008 · Cited by 7
Learning Effects in Air Displacement Plethysmography
Muntean, P., Popa, A., Micloș-Balica, M., Schick, F., Munteanu, O., Pupăzan, V., Neagu, A., & Neagu, M. (2023) · Life · doi:10.3390/life13061315 · Cited by 8
“Field methods, such as anthropometry, A-mode ultrasound, and bioelectrical impedance analysis, are less accurate in evaluating the total amount of body fat, but they are less expensive and portable [5].”
BackgroundMethodBaranauskas, M., Kupčiūnaitė, I., Lieponienė, J., & Stukas, R. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12224152 · Cited by 7
“Taking into consideration the fact that body composition, as a significant vector, can impact health status [16–19] and the efficiency of sports performance [20,21], a more supportive body composition profile (e.g., relatively lower fat percentage) could be beneficial for female athletes, especially…”
BackgroundCosta, D. C., Valente‐dos‐Santos, J., Sousa-e-Silva, P., Martinho, D. V., Duarte, J. P., Tavares, Ó. M., Castanheira, J., Oliveira, T. G., Abreu, S., Leite, N., et al. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03321-2 · Cited by 7
“Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is probably the most used instrument to obtain indicators of bone tissue and the technology is also being used in the assessment of total and regional body composition [7].”
MethodBustamante-Sánchez, Á., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148640 · Cited by 7
“When we analyzed the results for body fat mass and the percentage of body fat, which provide further insights than just body mass and BMI assessment [28,29], we confirmed that the pilots’ groups were predominantly fitter than the transport aircrew.”
MethodResultBertuccioli, A., Cardinali, M., & Benelli, P. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12071062 · Cited by 8
“Several studies published in scientific research proposed the analysis of body composition, such as that carried out through BIVA, as a useful element in the literature on the state of health [16], in the prevention and treatment of pathologies [17], and in the protection of health and in the development of an athlete…”
BackgroundHUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DENGAN KEKUATAN OTOT (LENGAN, TUNGKAI, DAN PERUT) ATLET GULAT
Amin, N., Setiyawan, U. J., Priyadi, D., & Mulyo, H. (2021) · Nutrizione Nutrition Research And Development Journal · doi:10.15294/nutrizione.v1i2.52137 · Cited by 7
Smith, M. K., Staynor, J. M. D., El-Sallam, A. A., Ebert, J. R., & Ackland, T. R. (2023) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114523000259 · Cited by 7
“The assessment of body composition is vital for monitoring health, chronic disease risk, as well as athletic performance, with measures of bodymass (BM), fat mass (FM), body fat percentage (BF%), fat-free mass (FFM) and waist circumference (WC) often reported(1,2).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationBioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) and Somatotype in Female Rugby Players
Silleras, B. D. M., Ares, G. C., Marcos, S. D. L. C., Enciso, L. C., Quinto, E. J., & del Río, P. R. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13095242 · Cited by 7
Fatness of female field hockey players: Comparison of estimates with different methods
Krzykała, M., Konarski, J. M., Malina, R. M., Rachwalski, K., Leszczyński, P., & Ziółkowska-Łajp, E. (2016) · HOMO · doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2016.03.003 · Cited by 8
“Body composition merits further study as advances in technology have provided additional methods and insights (Ackland et al., 2012; Heymsfield et al., 2005; Malina, 2007; Roche et al., 1996).”
BackgroundDo Dynamic Fat and Fat-Free Mass Changes follow Theoretical Driven Rules in Athletes?
Silva, A. M., Matias, C. N., Santos, D. A., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Thomas, D. M., Heymsfield, S. B., & Sardinha, L. B. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001332 · Cited by 7
Body Composition in Perspective
Lukaski, H. C. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781351260008-1 · Cited by 7
Wagner, D. R. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14464 · Cited by 7
A Comparison of Anthropometric and Performance Profiles between Elite and Sub-Elite Hurling Players
Keane, J., Malone, S., Keogh, C., Young, D., Coratella, G., & Collins, K. D. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11030954 · Cited by 7
Novack, L. F., Ferreira, G. A., Neto, R. L. C., & Osiecki, R. (2014) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-65742014000400006 · Cited by 7
“Generally the classical equations were based on athletes from different countries or modalities and non-athlete populations (Ackland et al., 2012; Amaral et al., 2011; Ball et al., 2004; Bracco et al., 1996; Reilly et al., 2009). Our professional soccer players sample was comparable to those observed in previous studi…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAthlete Considerations for Physique Measurement
Slater, G., Shaw, G., & Kerr, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5418-1_5 · Cited by 7
Kerr, A., Slater, G., & Byrne, N. M. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3861-8 · Cited by 7
de Oliveira, G. L., Gonçalves, P. S. D. P., de Oliveira, T. A. P., Valentim‐Silva, J. R., Fernandes, P. R., & Filho, J. F. (2018) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/.v66n1.61069 · Cited by 7
Delany, L. V., Costello, N. B., Jones, B. L., & Backhouse, S. H. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02285-4 · Cited by 8
“Such practices are used to monitor physical changes [1], assess training interventions [2, 3] and evaluate dietary intake [4].”
Gualdi-Russo, E., Toselli, S., Luca, F. D., Mazzoni, G., Mandini, S., Masotti, S., & Zaccagni, L. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13010130 · Cited by 6
“The validity of skinfold-derived body fat estimates has been demonstrated through comparisons with reference methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [58].”
Caloric Restriction and Cardiovascular Health: the Good, the Bad, and the Renin-Angiotensin System
de Souza, A. M. A., ECELBARGER, C. A., & Sandberg, K. L. (2021) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00002.2021 · Cited by 6
Dunne, A., Warrington, G. D., McGoldrick, A., Pugh, J., Harrison, M., & Cullen, S. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00414-1 · Cited by 6
“A standardised testing protocol should be used for both methods to reduce biological error and subsequently increase measurement reliability [5, 36].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAvaliação da composição corporal por DEXA em atletas de Desportos de Combate
de Coimbra, I. P. D. C. D. E. S. D. T. D. S., Santos, D., Ferreira, I., de Coimbra, I. P. D. C. D. E. S. D. T. D. S., Geraldes, M. F., de Coimbra, I. P. D. C. D. E. S. D. T. D. S., Faria, A., (LabinSaúde), L. D. I. A. E. S., Moutinho, J., & de Coimbra, I. P. D. C. D. E. S. D. T. D. S. (2022) · Acta Portuguesa de Nutrição · doi:10.21011/apn.2022.3010 · Cited by 6
Sullivan, K. W., Metoyer, C. J., Winchester, L. J., Esco, M. R., & Fedewa, M. V. (2023) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12835 · Cited by 7
“…reliability concerns have been well documented and the accuracy of SKF thickness measures can be affected by various factors, such as tissue compressibility (Ackland et al., 2012; Kasper et al., 2021; Kispert & Merrifield, 1987; Lohman, 1981; Müller et al., 2013a, 2013b; Wagner & Heyward, 1999).”
BackgroundZhang, J., Zhang, N., Li, Y., He, H., Song, G., Chen, J., Yan, Y., & Ma, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1458242 · Cited by 8
“In a study conducted among the young general population (32), TBW, ICW, and ECW were reported as 32.8 kg, 20.5 kg, and 12.4 kg, respectively, which were 12.0 kg, 7.8 kg, and 4.1 kg lower than the values reported in the current study, indicating that the body composition of athletes differ from that…”
InfluentialBody Composition Changes after One Year in Professional Male Ice Hockey Players
Stanzione, J. R., Dardarian, N., & Volpe, S. L. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1179-6511 · Cited by 8
“Changes in lean body mass are important to ice hockey players because its relationship with force and power generation, a performance indicator, is well known [26].”
BackgroundAnderson, L. J., Flannigan, C., Polychronopoulos, P., MacKenzie, R., Drust, B., & Milsom, J. (2022) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/17479541221081782 · Cited by 6
“Skinfold thickness was assessed at the ISAK 8-sites of measurement (triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, suprasinale, abdominal, anterior thigh and medial calf).(17) All landmark sites were firstly identified, marked and measured before any measurements were recorded, with each site being measured in succession…”
Jakše, B., Lipošek, S., Zenić, N., & Šajber, D. (2022) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports10050063 · Cited by 7
Piotrowska, A., Gattner, H., Adamiak, J., Mętel, S., Czerwińska‐Ledwig, O., Pilch, W., Sadowska‐Krępa, E., Żychowska, M., Uher, I., & Pałka, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316108 · Cited by 6
“[30] before and after the end of the 12-week WBV.”
BackgroundMuntean, P., Neagu, M., Amaricai, E. C., Hărăguş, H. G., Onofrei, R. R., & Neagu, A. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13040690 · Cited by 6
“While it is useful for the general population, it is highly recommended for professional athletes [1] and patients who need body mass management to cope with the adverse effects of obesity, metabolic disorders, and aging [2].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
- Robert Gordon University (GB)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Venue
- Sports Medicine
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 227-249
- ISSN
- 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1969968719
- Cited by
- 599
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 14.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- International Olympic Committee
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- body composition assessment, athletes, multicomponent model, weight-class sports, aesthetic sports, athlete performance monitoring, body mass index, measurement accuracy and repeatability, selection criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Sports Medicine, Western Australia, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Guidelines as Topic, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Body Fat Distribution, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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