Cited by 599Body Composition Measurement TechniquesSports Performance and TrainingPhysical Education and Training Studies

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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Ackland, Timothy R., Lohman, Timothy G., Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn, Maughan, Ronald J., Meyer, Nanna L., Stewart, Arthur D., Müller, Wolfram·2012·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000

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Abstract

Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.

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Test–retest repeatability of the NX-16: a three-dimensional (3D) body scanner in a male cohort
Gleadall-Siddall, D. O., Turpin, R. L., Douglas, C. C., Ingle, L., & Garrett, A. T. (2019) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-019-00611-8 · Cited by 4
“Advances in technology have enabled researchers and medical professionals alike to gain a deeper insight into the human body; for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and computed tomography (CT) provide relatively non-invasive, multi-component methods for determining the…”
Background
ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BODY COMPOSITION AND FITNESS PROFILE OF SERBIAN CYCLIST MILAN MILIVOJEVIĆ: CASE STUDY
Pavlović, R., Milivojević, M., & Gerdijan, N. (2022) · European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science · doi:10.46827/ejpe.v7i6.4139 · Cited by 4
Body composition measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance following creatine supplementation
BUCK, E. A., Saunders, M. J., Edwards, E. S., & Womack, C. J. (2023) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15058-4 · Cited by 4
Muscle Tissue Labeling of Human Lower Limb in Multi-Channel mDixon MR Imaging: Concepts and Applications
Becker, M., & Magnenat‐Thalmann, N. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1109/tcbb.2015.2459679 · Cited by 4
Body Composition of Women's Ice Hockey Players: Comparison of Estimates Using Skinfolds and iDXA
Gilenstam, K., & Geithner, C. A. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002400 · Cited by 4
BRAZILIAN OLYMPIC FEMALE ATHLETES’ MULTIDISCIPLINARY CARE: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Parmigiano, T. R., de Araújo, M. P., Benayon, P. C., Corrêa, R. P. F., Barsottini, C., & Sartori, M. G. F. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0306 · Cited by 4
Do Canadian collegiate hockey players accurately perceive body composition changes after unmonitored training and diet?
Prokop, N. W., Duncan, L. R., & Andersen, R. E. (2015) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0114 · Cited by 4
“Body composition can influence the performance of elite athletes in competition (Ackland et al. 2012) and although several physiologic mechanisms allow for body composition to be modified by training, nutrition, and lifestyle, individualized diets, nutrition, and exercise programs are popular…”
Background
Influence of Female Sports Dietitians’ Physical Characteristics on Athlete Perception of Effectiveness
Lovell, G. P., Parker, J. K., & Slater, G. (2013) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.23.3.282 · Cited by 4
Are predictive equations a valid method of assessing the resting metabolic rate of overweight or obese former athletes?
Jesus, F., Nunes, C. L., Matias, C. N., Francisco, R., Carapeto, B., Macias, H., Müller, D., Cardoso, M. G., Valamatos, M. J., Rosa, G. B., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1708974 · Cited by 4
Comparison of athlete diet index and body composition between professional and non-professional athletes: a comparative cross-sectional study
Dehghani, E., Dezfuli, Z. G., Shab‐Bidar, S., Torki, F., Barghi, T. S., & Djafarian, K. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2533497 · Cited by 3
“Body composition is a reliable marker of physical preparedness and overall health in athletes and includes parameters such as fat, lean, and fat free mass (FFM) [7,8].”
Psychosocial correlates of disordered eating among adolescent athletes: a cross-sectional study
Franzoni, A., Antonietti, J., Munsch, S., & Messerli‐Bürgy, N. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01500-x · Cited by 5
“%) engaged in weight-sensitive sports (i.e., gravitational (e.g., ski jumping), weight-dependent (e.g., boxing), aesthetic (e.g., synchronized swimming), or endurance sports (e.g., rowing); [1, 63]), while the majority (66”
Dual X-ray absorptiometry-derived total and regional body volume
Czeck, M. A., Roelofs, E. J., Juckett, W. T., & Dengel, D. R. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.10.011 · Cited by 3
In-Season Longitudinal Hydration/Body Cell Mass Ratio Changes in Elite Rugby Players
Cebrián‐Ponce, Á., Petri, C., Izzicupo, P., Micheli, M. L., Cortis, C., Fusco, A., Carrasco‐Marginet, M., & Mascherini, G. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11080142 · Cited by 3
“These data indicate that our players experienced changes in body composition and physical condition throughout the season that may influence their sports performance [35,36].”
Background
The role of body composition on cardio-respiratory fitness in futsal competitive athletes
Komici, K., Verderosa, S., D’Amico, F., Parente, A., Persichini, L., & Guerra, G. (2023) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2023.11479 · Cited by 3
“32,33 It should be mentioned that estimation of fat mass by BIA is based on predictive equations developed for not physical active or general athletic population.”
Background
Hepatic steatosis and skeletal muscle alterations during the COVID‐19 lockdown in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease in Japan
Uchiyama, A., Kon, K., Sakuma, S., Sato, T., Morinaga, M., Fukada, H., Yamagata, H., Yaginuma, R., Fukuhara, K., Yamashina, S., et al. (2023) · Hepatology Research · doi:10.1111/hepr.13981 · Cited by 3
“Two hundred and ninety ‐ eight patients with CLD underwent transient elastography (FibroScan) with CAP and LSM 16–18 and body composition analysis by BIA using InBody770 9,19 before and after the lockdown.”
Method
One-Year Changes in Bioelectrical Impedance Data in Adolescent Athletes
Cattem, M. V. D. O., Orsso, C. E., González, M. C., & Koury, J. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16050701 · Cited by 3
“PhA has been used in clinical practice associated with positive clinical outcomes and in sports as a possible proxy of health, physical performance, and muscle strength [13,20–27].”
Method
Validation of assessments to accurately analyze the body composition of highly trained sitting volleyball players: A pilot study
Ahmadi, S., Lieberman, L. J., Ng, K., Oliveira, R. G., Gutierrez, G. L., & Uchida, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.032 · Cited by 3
Anthropometric Formulas Repurposed to Predict Body Fat Content from Ultrasound Measurements of Subcutaneous Fat Thickness
Muntean, P., Micloș-Balica, M., Macavei, G. A., Munteanu, O., Neagu, A., & Neagu, M. (2024) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym16080962 · Cited by 4
Comparison of Body Composition Assessment Using Air-Displacement Plethysmography and A-Mode Ultrasound before and after a 12-Week Exercise Intervention in Normal Weight Adult Males
Bridge, A. D., Brown, J. A., Snider, H., Rowan, S. N., Skelly, L. E., & Josse, A. R. (2020) · Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science · doi:10.1080/1091367x.2020.1843042 · Cited by 3
“Thus, clinicians, health professionals, and researchers would benefit from the evaluation of other field modalities not defined as gold standard against those that are more widely used/accepted (including the Bodpod; Ackland et al., 2012; Duren et al., 2008; Fosbøl & Zerahn, 2015).”
Background
The Relationship between Skinfold and Ultrasound Measures of Subcutaneous Fat in Untrained Healthy Males
Ryan‐Stewart, H., O’Leary, A., Paine, E., Faulkner, J., & Jobson, S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app112210561 · Cited by 3
Assessment of the Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Polish Professional Futsal Players: A Descriptive Study—Do Futsal Players Require Nutritional Education?
Gogojewicz, A., Straburzyńska‐Lupa, A., Podgórski, T., Frajtag, P., Bibrowicz, K., & Śliwicka, E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173720 · Cited by 5
Bioimpedance Vector Analysis-Derived Body Composition Influences Strength and Power in Alpine Skiers
Bertozzi, F., Tenderini, D., Camuncoli, F., Simoni, G., Galli, M., & Tarabini, M. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2023.2298464 · Cited by 3
“Indeed, among different factors, it seems plausible that strength and power could be influenced by the athletes’ body composition, since it has been previously acknowledged as a key determinant of athletic health and performance (Ackland et al., 2012).”
BODY COMPOSITION AND REGIONAL PHASE ANGLE AS INDICATORS OF VO2max IN ELITE MALE AND FEMALE COMBAT ATHLETES
Tortu, E., Deliceoğlu, G., ÇAKAR, A. N., & Kaya, S. (2024) · International Journal of Sport Culture and Science · doi:10.14486/intjscs.2024.695 · Cited by 4
Effects of short-term pre-competition weight loss on certain physiological parameters and strength change in elite boxers
Yasul, Y., Akçınar, F., YASUL, M. E., Kurtoğlu, A., Eken, Ö., Bădicu, G., & Ardigò, L. P. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0304267 · Cited by 4
Body Mass Index Trends for the Top Five Finishers in Men’s Grand Tour and Monument Cycling Events from 1994–2023: Implications for Athletes and Sporting Stakeholders
Smith, A. J., Wyler, H., van Wijnkoop, M., Colangelo, J., Liebrenz, M., & Buadze, A. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12070178 · Cited by 3
“Firstly, the validity of BMIs has attracted criticism in sports medicine literature, since this metric measures ponderosity rather than fat and does not account for outlying body types, which could be a salient consideration in elite-level cycling [29,60].”
Background
Effects of Acute and 2-Hour Postphysical Activity on the Estimation of Body Fat Made by the Bod Pod
Harrop, B. J., & Woodruff, S. J. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000715 · Cited by 4
Comparison of Circumference Measures and Height–Weight Tables With Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Assessment of Body Composition in R.O.T.C. Cadets
Mitchell, K. M., PRITCHETT, R. C., Gee, D. L., & Pritchett, K. L. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001903 · Cited by 3
Phase-contrast imaging for body composition measurement
Han, H., Hu, R., Wali, F., Wu, Z., Gao, K., Wang, S., Gu, Y., Jin, Y., & Zhai, C. (2017) · Physica Medica · doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.10.006 · Cited by 3
Body Composition Symmetry in Aircraft Pilots
Curiel-Regueros, A., Ardigò, L. P., Bustamante-Sánchez, Á., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., García, J. P. F., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2022) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym14020356 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Nordic Walking and a Resistance Indoor Training Program: Anthropometric, Body Composition, and Functional Parameters in the Middle-Aged Population
Grigoletto, A., Mauro, M., & Toselli, S. (2023) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk8020079 · Cited by 3
Assessing Body Composition
Ackland, T. R., & Stewart, A. D. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118692318.ch6 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
The importance of complex anthropometrics in the assessment of cyclists
Bullas, A. M. (2017) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00065 · Cited by 3
“As such, research studies using this method would need to investigate small body sections and one off measurements (Ackland et al., 2012; AlGindan et al., 2014).”
Is there a need for anthropometric standards in olympic sports? A proposal for the kinanthropometric profile of elite flag football athletes
Talavera-Hernández, L. F., Maceroni, C., Travis-Carr, E. L., Macgregor, L. J., Vázquez-Villarreal, L. G., Menargues-Ramírez, R., Dergal-Irigoyen, M. P., Reyes-Castillo, E., Castro-Ávila, J. I., Sanz, J. M. M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1534453 · Cited by 2
Sex-Specific Lean Mass Changes during Marine Corps Officer Candidates School and Associations with Physical Health, Performance, and Military Readiness
Koltun, K. J., Forse, J. N., Feigel, E. D., Tiede, D., Kargl, C. K., Steele, E. J., Bird, M. B., Lovalekar, M. T., Martin, B. J., & Nindl, B. C. (2025) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003918 · Cited by 2
Defining Elite Zones: A Scoping Review of Body Physique and Body Fat in Elite Athletes
Martínez-Mireles, X., Ramírez, E., Carrasco, J. O. L., García, R. L., García, S., Bouzas, C., García, R. S., & Tur, J. A. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11010013 · Cited by 5
“Hydrostatic weighing (indirect method) appears to be unsuitable for athletes who focus on strength due to its demanding technique, and DXA (indirect method) has variations in manufacturers’ algorithms and differences between pencil and fan beams [174].”
Influential
Validation of Body Volume Acquisition by Using Elliptical Zone Method
Chiu, C., Pease, D., Fawkner, S. G., & Sanders, R. H. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0042-112589 · Cited by 2
The Effect of Body Composition on Cycling Power During an Incremental Test in Young Athletes
Schomöller, A., Schugardt, M., Kotsch, P., & Mayer, F. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003271 · Cited by 3
Kettős röntgensugár abszorpciós eljáráson és bioelektromos impedancián alapuló testösszetétel-becslő módszerek összehasonlítóelemzése fiatal sportolók körében
Utczás, K., Tróznai, Z., Pálinkás, G., Kalabiska, I., & Petridis, L. (2019) · Testnevelés Sport Tudomány · doi:10.21846/tst.2019.1-2.3 · Cited by 2
The risk for the female athlete triad in Brazilian athletes
de Maria, U. P., & Juzwiak, C. R. (2020) · Human Movement · doi:10.5114/hm.2021.100013 · Cited by 3
Association Between Low Bone Mineral Density Risk Factors and Estrogen Receptor α Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Female Athletes
Kobayashi, T., & Hwang, I. (2021) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2020.0106 · Cited by 2
Perfil antropométrico y somatotipo entre posiciones de juego en jugadores de fútbol americano universitarios mexicanos
Carrasco, J. O. L., García, R. L., García, L. E. C., Orocio, R. N., & Ramírez‐López, E. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte · doi:10.24310/riccafd.2022.v11i1.13139 · Cited by 2

Authors: Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Loughborough University (GB)
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
Robert Gordon University (GB)
University of Graz (AT)
ORCID: Maughan, Ronald J.
Meyer, Nanna L.
Stewart, Arthur D.
Müller, Wolfram
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 227-249
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
OpenAlex: W1969968719
Cited by: 599
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 14.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Funders: International Olympic Committee
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
Keywords: body composition assessment, athletes, multicomponent model, weight-class sports, aesthetic sports, athlete performance monitoring, body mass index, measurement accuracy and repeatability, selection criteria
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Sports Medicine, Western Australia, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Guidelines as Topic, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Body Fat Distribution, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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