Cited by 599Body Composition Measurement TechniquesSports Performance and TrainingPhysical Education and Training Studies

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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Ackland, Timothy R., Lohman, Timothy G., Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn, Maughan, Ronald J., Meyer, Nanna L., Stewart, Arthur D., Müller, Wolfram·2012·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000

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Abstract

Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.

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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Is it still important to be light in ski jumping?
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
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Self-citation
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Influential
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Method
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“Different sports were categorised in three groups, the first two groups are classified according to Ackland et al. (2012) classification, and the third group included the sports that were not comprehended in this classification, which are as follows: (a) gravitational sports in which mass restricts…”
Background
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“Similarly, Ryder and Ball [9] observed that a fan-beam 3D body scanner underestimated BF% across all BMI categories when compared to both DXA and ADP.”
BackgroundMethod
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“The methods for its evaluation can be classified, according to analysis techniques, in: i) reference tests of molecular level (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA], computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) ii) field tests: a) with molecular level: anthropometry (example: Durnin & Womersley anthropometry)…”
BackgroundMethod
Changes in body composition and substrate utilization after a short-term ketogenic diet in endurance-trained males
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Exercise Improves Cognitive Function—A Randomized Trial on the Effects of Physical Activity on Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
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Method
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“64 Different methods are applied in athletes [9] to measure and track changes in body 65 composition, but only some of them such as anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance 66 analysis (BIA) are commonly used in the field.”
Method
Official position of the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism (ABRASSO) on the evaluation of body composition by densitometry: part I (technical aspects)—general concepts, indications, acquisition, and analysis
Maeda, S. S., Peters, B. S. E., Martini, L. A., Antunes, H. K. M., González, M. C., Arantes, H. P., Prado, C. M. M., Pinto, C. L., de Araújo, I. M., de Paula, F. J. A., et al. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-022-00241-8 · Cited by 21
Equations based on anthropometric measurements for adipose tissue, body fat, or body density prediction in children and adolescents: a scoping review
Cerqueira, M. S., Amorim, P., Encarnação, I. G. A., Rezende, L. M., Almeida, P. H. R. F., Silva, A., Sillero-Quintana, M., Silva, D. A. S., Santos, F., & Marins, J. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01405-7 · Cited by 16
“Although there is a report of an anthropometric equation validated by cadaver dissection in the literature [13], no specific equation was found for children and adolescents, which illustrates the complexity of performing investigations using this method due to time, cost, and ethical barriers [135].”
Background
iMove: Exploring Bio-Impedance Sensing for Fitness Activity Recognition
Liu, M., Rey, V. F., Zhang, Y., Ray, L. S. S., Zhou, B., & Lukowicz, P. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications · doi:10.1109/percom59722.2024.10494489 · Cited by 19
“Thus, many existing works based on bio-impedance sensing wearables for HAR tasks have been demonstrated in the past decades in many application scenarios, like human physiological index monitoring [13], [18], gesture recognition [14], [19], automatic dietary monitoring [20], and sport science [21].”
Background
Comparing DXA and Air Displacement Plethysmography to Assess Body Composition of Male Collegiate Hockey Players
Delisle-Houde, P., Reid, R. E. R., Insogna, J. A., Prokop, N. W., Buchan, T. A., Fontaine, S. L., & Andersen, R. E. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001863 · Cited by 19
8 weeks of 2 S -Hesperidin supplementation improves muscle mass and reduces fat in amateur competitive cyclists: randomized controlled trial
Martínez-Noguera, F. J., Alcaráz, P. E., Carlos‐Vivas, J., Chung, L. H., Marín‐Cascales, E., & Marín‐Pagán, C. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo03456h · Cited by 18
Official Position of the Brazilian Association of Bone Assessment and Metabolism (ABRASSO) on the evaluation of body composition by densitometry—part II (clinical aspects): interpretation, reporting, and special situations
Maeda, S. S., Albergaria, B., Szejnfeld, V. L., Lazaretti‐Castro, M., Arantes, H. P., Ushida, M., Domiciano, D. S., Pereira, R. M. R., Marin-Mio, R. V., de Oliveira, M. L., et al. (2022) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-022-00240-9 · Cited by 24
Relationship between Body Composition Asymmetry and Specific Performance in Taekwondo Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Ojeda-Aravena, A., Warnier-Medina, A., Brand, C., Morales‐Zúñiga, J., Orellana-Lepe, G., Zapata-Bastías, J., & Tuesta, M. (2023) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym15112087 · Cited by 18
“BC outcomes included left and right lower-limb body mass (BM), free fat mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), percentage fat mass (%FM), free fat mass (FFM), lean soft tissue mass (LSTM), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) [33,34].”
Background
Analysis of the body composition of Paralympic athletes: Comparison of two methods
Lemos, V. D. A., Alves, E. D. S., Schwingel, P. A., Rosa, J. P. P., Silva, A., Winckler, C., Vital, R., de Almeida, A. A., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2016) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1194895 · Cited by 19
“Among the available tools for assessing physicalathletic performance and monitoring physiological responses, body composition is a fundamental component of physical fitness related to athletic performance (Ackland et al., 2012).”
Background
Anthropometric profiles are associated with long‐term career attainment in elite junior rowers: A retrospective analysis covering 23 years
Winkert, K., Steinacker, J. M., Machus, K., Dreyhaupt, J., & Treff, G. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1497089 · Cited by 18
“…thatSH,BMandLBMare frequently – or probably always – included in national strategies for early talent identificationanddevelopment (TID) in rowing (Ackland et al., 2012; Hahn, 1989; Kerr et al., 2007; Lawton, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2012; Mikulic & Ruzic, 2008), especially as these variables are…”
BackgroundInfluential
Normative fat-free mass index values for a diverse sample of collegiate female athletes
Blue, M. N. M., Hirsch, K. R., Pihoker, A. A., Trexler, E. T., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1591575 · Cited by 19
“Gravitational sport athletes who emphasise lighter body mass for performance efficiency (Ackland et al., 2012), may be expected to demonstrate low FFMI.”
Background
Prospective Evaluation of Cardiovascular, Cardiorespiratory, and Metabolic Risk of German Office Workers in Comparison to International Data
Strauß, M., Foshag, P., & Leischik, R. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051590 · Cited by 20
“, The Barn, Philpots Close, Yiewsley, West Drayton, Middlesex, UB7 7RY, UK) [13].”
N-3 PUFA as an ergogenic supplement modulating muscle hypertrophy and strength: a systematic review
López‐Seoane, J., Martínez‐Ferrán, M., Morales, C. R., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1939262 · Cited by 19
The Impact of Low Subcutaneous Fat in Patients with Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
Lee, S. J., Ryu, Y. J., Lee, J. H., Chang, J. H., & Shim, S. S. (2014) · Lung · doi:10.1007/s00408-014-9565-x · Cited by 18
Body weight and subcutaneous fat patterning in elite judokas
Sengeis, M., Müller, W., Störchle, P., & Fürhapter-Rieger, A. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13508 · Cited by 18
“Participants were grouped according to the Judo weight category (WC) borders for females (f) and males (m): (1) Extra‐lightweight (f:48 kg; m:60 kg), (2) Half‐lightweight (f:52 kg; m:66 kg), (3) Lightweight (f:57 kg; m:73 kg), (4) Half‐middleweight (f:63 kg; m:81 kg), (5) Middleweight (f:70 kg;m:90 kg), (6) Half‐heavy…”
Self-citation
Seasonal Change in Body Composition and Physique of Team Sport Athletes
Walker, E., Aughey, R. J., McLaughlin, P. A., & McAinch, A. J. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003474 · Cited by 17
“Measurement of body composition in the high performance environment is common practice (1).”
Background
Body Composition of Competitive Bodybuilders: A Systematic Review of Published Data and Recommendations for Future Work
Bauer, P., Majisik, A., Mitter, B., Csapo, R., Tschan, H., Hume, P. A., Martínez‐Rodríguez, A., & Makivić, B. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004155 · Cited by 17
Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Elite CrossFit Athletes
Sauvé, B., Haugan, M., & Paulsen, G. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12060162 · Cited by 17
Association of Compartmental Leg Lean Mass Measured by Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry With Force Production
Raymond‐Pope, C. J., Dengel, D. R., Fitzgerald, J. S., & Bosch, T. A. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002688 · Cited by 17
“assessments are used as benchmarks for training to optimize performance, assess return to play, or examine injury risk (4,8,12).”
Method
The usefulness of Tanita TBF-310 for body composition assessment in Judo athletes using a four-compartment molecular model as the reference method
Domingos, C., Matias, C. N., Cyrino, E. S., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2019) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.10.1283 · Cited by 17
Overweight in Young Athletes: New Predictive Model of Overfat Condition
Mascherini, G., Petri, C., Ermini, E., Bini, V., Calà, P., Galanti, G., & Modesti, P. A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16245128 · Cited by 17
“The reference methods in this field have some inherent problems, such as the time needed for evaluations, the financial costs involved, or the unnecessary exposure to radiation, in particular with young people [9].”
Background
Physique and performance in male sitting volleyball players: implications for classification and training
Cavedon, V., Brugnoli, C., Sandri, M., Bertinato, L., Giacobbi, L., Bolcevic, F., Zancanaro, C., & Milanese, C. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.14013 · Cited by 15
Anthropometric characteristic, somatotype, and body composition of Indian Female Combat Sport Athletes: A comparison between Boxers, Judokas, and Wrestlers
Armendariz, M. L. P., Adhikari, R., Bawari, B., Varamenti, E., & Pullinger, S. A. (2023) · International Journal of Kinanthropometry · doi:10.34256/ijk23112 · Cited by 17
“Assessing body composition in combat athletes is fundamental for enhancing their athletic performance (Ackland et al., 2012; Malina, 2007).”
Background
Application of a Sub-set of Skinfold Sites for Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Adiposity and Percentage Body Fat Estimation in Athletes
O'Neill, D. C., Cronin, O., O’Neill, S. B., Woods, T., Keohane, D. M., Molloy, M. J., & Falvey, É. C. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1565168 · Cited by 16
Performance and antrhropometric characteristics of Elite Rugby Players.
Pasin, F., Caroli, B., Spigoni, V., Dei, A., Volpi, R., Galli, C., & Passeri, G. (2017) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v88i2.5221 · Cited by 16
Effects of Nordic Walking Training on Anthropometric, Body Composition and Functional Parameters in the Middle-Aged Population
Grigoletto, A., Mauro, M., Oppio, A., Greco, G., Fischetti, F., Cataldi, S., & Toselli, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19127433 · Cited by 16
Changes in collegiate ice hockey player anthropometrics and aerobic fitness over 3 decades
Triplett, A. N., Ebbing, A. C., Green, M. R., Connolly, C. P., Carrier, D. P., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2018) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2017-0789 · Cited by 16
Measures of body composition via Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound and skinfolds are not impacted by the menstrual cycle in active eumenorrheic females
Ong, J. N., Ducker, K. J., Furzer, B. J., Dymock, M., & Landers, G. J. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.09.192 · Cited by 16
Bioimpedance Patterns and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) of Body Builders
Petri, C., Micheli, M. L., Izzicupo, P., Timperanza, N., Lastrucci, T., Vanni, D., Gulisano, M., & Mascherini, G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071606 · Cited by 17
“In this context, monitoring body composition has become fundamental, and in aesthetic sports can provide additional and helpful information [1].”
Background
Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims on foods proposed under European Community Regulation 1924/2006 in the area of appetite ratings and weight management
Martini, D., Biasini, B., Rossi, S., Zavaroni, I., Bedogni, G., Musci, M., Pruneti, C. A., Passeri, G., Ventura, M., Galli, D., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2017.1366433 · Cited by 16
“The array data provided by MRI describe the spatial distribution of physical quantities (Ackland et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Human Milk: A Plausible Biological Factor for Obesity Risk Reduction?
Larson‐Meyer, D. E., Schueler, J., Kyle, E., Austin, K. J., Hart, A. M., & Alexander, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334420954160 · Cited by 15
“The standard error of the estimate for predicting body fat percentage using the DXA is between 2%–3% (Ackland et al., 2012).”
Method
Body Fat Evaluation in Male Athletes from Combat Sports by Comparing Anthropometric, Bioimpedance, and Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry Measurements
Dimitrijević, M., Paunović, V., Zivkovic, V. I., Bolevich, S., & Jakovljevic, V. L. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/3456958 · Cited by 15
Body Composition Evaluation Issue among Young Elite Football Players: DXA Assessment
Leão, C., Simões, M., Silva, B., Clemente, F. M., Bezerra, P., & Camões, M. (2017) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports5010017 · Cited by 16
“Hence, the adherence to the prerequisites for each of the techniques is a key requirement [20].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Optimizing Field Body Fat Percentage Assessment in Professional Soccer Players
Martinez-Ferran, M., Rafei, E., Romero-Morales, C., Pérez-Ruiz, M., Lam-Meléndez, A., Munguia-Izquierdo, D., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12020727 · Cited by 14
Energy Availability Over One Athletic Season: An Observational Study Among Athletes From Different Sports
Jesus, F., Sousa, M., Nunes, C. L., Francisco, R., Rocha, P. M., Minderico, C. S., Sardinha, L. B., & Silva, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0039 · Cited by 14
Multicomponent body composition of university club sport athletes
Wagner, D. R., Heath, E. M., Harper, S. A., Cafferty, E. A., Teramoto, M., Evans, A., Burch, T., McBride, J., Spencer, S. B., & Vakula, M. N. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2446575 · Cited by 13
Effects of Ramadan Observance on Dietary Intake and Body Composition of Adolescent Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Boukhris, O. F., Glenn, J. M., Bott, N., Stannard, S. R., Engel, F. A., Sperlich, B., Garbarino, S., Bragazzi, N. L., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061574 · Cited by 15
Relationship between phase angle and physical performance measures in community-dwelling older adults
Germano, M. L., Gomes, C. D. S., Azevedo, I. G., Fernandes, J., Freitas, R. V. D. M., & Guerra, R. O. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111466 · Cited by 16
Development and Validation of an Anthropometric Equation to Predict Fat Mass Percentage in Professional and Semi-Professional Male Futsal Players
Giro, R., Matias, C. N., Campa, F., Santos, D. A., Cavaca, M. L., Duque, P., de Oliveira, M. A., Matos, N., Vicente, F., Pereira, P. M. D. C. C., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214514 · Cited by 16
“Despite their limitations relating to accuracy, anthropometric measurements have proven to generate reliable data when procedures are conducted according to the standards of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), by an accredited anthropometrist, and using high-quality, well-calibrat…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound in highly trained junior rowers
Kelso, A., Trájer, E., Machus, K., Treff, G., Müller, W., & Steinacker, J. M. (2017) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2016.1277788 · Cited by 14
“Many equations from skinfolds were acquired with a lack of standardisation in the measurement technique, for example, in the site marking, and from different populations, which suggests caution in their use (Ackland et al., 2012; Mulholland & Rolland, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Automated body volume acquisitions from 3D structured-light scanning
Chiu, C., Pease, D. L., Fawkner, S. G., & Sanders, R. H. (2018) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.07.016 · Cited by 14
Ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness show sexual dimorphism in children of three to five years of age
Kelso, A., Vogel, K., & Steinacker, J. M. (2019) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.14496 · Cited by 13
Functional Body Composition: Need for a New Agenda
Sardinha, L. B. (2012) · Archives of Exercise in Health and Disease · doi:10.5628/aehd.v3.i3.147 · Cited by 13
Body composition assessment in a large cohort of Olympic athletes with different training loads: possible reference values for fat mass and fat-free mass domains
Giovanelli, L., Biganzoli, G., Spataro, A., Malacarne, M., Bernardelli, G., Spada, R., Pagani, M., Biganzoli, E. M., & Lucini, D. (2023) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-023-02203-y · Cited by 15

Authors: Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Loughborough University (GB)
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
Robert Gordon University (GB)
University of Graz (AT)
ORCID: Maughan, Ronald J.
Meyer, Nanna L.
Stewart, Arthur D.
Müller, Wolfram
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 227-249
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
OpenAlex: W1969968719
Cited by: 599
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 14.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Funders: International Olympic Committee
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
Keywords: body composition assessment, athletes, multicomponent model, weight-class sports, aesthetic sports, athlete performance monitoring, body mass index, measurement accuracy and repeatability, selection criteria
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Sports Medicine, Western Australia, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Guidelines as Topic, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Body Fat Distribution, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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