Cited by 599Body Composition Measurement TechniquesSports Performance and TrainingPhysical Education and Training Studies

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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Ackland, Timothy R., Lohman, Timothy G., Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn, Maughan, Ronald J., Meyer, Nanna L., Stewart, Arthur D., Müller, Wolfram·2012·Sports Medicine

DOI 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000

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Abstract

Quantifying human body composition has played an important role in monitoring all athlete performance and training regimens, but especially so in gravitational, weight class and aesthetic sports wherein the tissue composition of the body profoundly affects performance or adjudication. Over the past century, a myriad of techniques and equations have been proposed, but all have some inherent problems, whether in measurement methodology or in the assumptions they make. To date, there is no universally applicable criterion or 'gold standard' methodology for body composition assessment. Having considered issues of accuracy, repeatability and utility, the multi-component model might be employed as a performance or selection criterion, provided the selected model accounts for variability in the density of fat-free mass in its computation. However, when profiling change in interventions, single methods whose raw data are surrogates for body composition (with the notable exception of the body mass index) remain useful.

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Magee, M. K., Miller, A. D., Fields, J. B., Jagim, A. R., Lockard, B. L., Stroiney, D. A., & Jones, M. T. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2785-7668
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Özen, A. A., & Kabasakal, S. A. (2026) · Yalova Üniversitesi spor bilimleri dergisi. · doi:10.70007/yalovaspor.1796543
Somatometric, Training, and Behavioral Profiles of Resistance Training Practitioners and Recreational Exercisers in Greece: A Multivariate Comparative Study
Tsartsapakis, I., Zafeiroudi, A., Chatzipanteli, A., & Gerou, M. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14030120 · Cited by 1
“Age and BMI emerged as significant predictors of competitive involvement, aligning with evidence indicating that cumulative training exposure and physiological investment contribute to competition readiness [21,23].”
Suivi physiologique du jeune rugbyman de haut niveau : approche biométrique, biologique, biochimique et cardiovasculaire des effets de l'entraînement et des charges de compétitions
Alaphilippe, A. (2012) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/483bad0cz2607z4c6ez8425z4abede3c3eb6
Growth, maturation, functional body composition, isokinetic strength and bone health : multilevel modelling of developmental changes in male adolescent athletes contrasting in mechanical loading
Costa, D. C. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/4adf80d3z6ab1z45b2zb8a6zc0ef1a781a0e
Periodized Nutrition Strategies for Optimizing Glycogen Restoration, Muscle Protein Synthesis, and Long-Term Athletic Adaptation
Saha, S., Singh, M. K., Choudhary, P. K., & Sriboonruang, P. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-9544-9.ch007
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Bharti, D. R. (2025) · Research Review Journal of Social Science · doi:10.31305/rrjss.2025.v05.n02.037
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Romanowska, K. Z., Rayes, M. M. K. E. A., & Kaushik, P. (2025) · Qubahan Journal of Coaching and Sports Sciences · doi:10.48161/qcsj.v4n1a43
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Islan, M. S., & Rawal, K. (2022) · Qubahan Journal of Coaching and Sports Sciences · doi:10.48161/qcsj.v1n4a17
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Guedes, G. C., da Pureza, D. Y., & Belfort, D. R. (2026) · Revista Multidisciplinar do Nordeste Mineiro · doi:10.66104/pfhzcq67
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Yang, Y., Johnson, Q. R., Cabarkapa, D., & Fry, A. C. (2026) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000974
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“In contrast, laboratory-based standards like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hydrostatic weighing provide exceptional precision but are severely restricted by high financial costs, lack of mobility, and the requirement for specialized technicians [11, 12].”
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Jesus, F., Francisco, R., Kondo, E., Nunes, C. L., Sardinha, L. B., Sagayama, H., Schoeller, D. A., & Silva, A. M. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103398
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Hudy, A., Kraemer, W. J., Shah, J., Burland, J. P., Glaviano, N. R., Huggins, R. A., Fields, J. B., Baldwin, A. J., & Casa, D. J. (2026) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005573
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Kalubovila, K. T. T. D., Buvanendiran, P., & Weerasinghe, D. S. (2026) · International Journal of Kinanthropometry · doi:10.34256/ijk2615
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The Components of Physical Fitness: A Roundtable Statement by the American College of Sports Medicine
Riebe, D. A., Magal, M., Kaminsky, L. A., Ross, R. R., Phillips, S. M., Alhassan, S., Arena, R. A., Behm, D. G., Camhi, S. M., Church, T. S., et al. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003997 · Cited by 2
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Singh, Y. M., & Sugandhi, S. B. (2026) · International Journal of Kinanthropometry · doi:10.34256/ijk2614
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Body Composition and Aerobic Capacity in Combat Sports Athletes: A Gender Comparison and an Investigation of The Relationship
Taşman, G. A., & Güven, E. (2026) · Herkes için Spor ve Rekreasyon Dergisi · doi:10.56639/jsar.1931511
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Farfán-Díaz, Á. (2026) · Revista Multidisciplinar Epistemología de las Ciencias · doi:10.71112/y3e4dd15
Machine Learning-Based Classification of Sport-Specific Morphofunctional Profiles in Young Male Athletes
Makhambetov, Y., Ten, A. V., Potop, V., Zhidovinova, A. V., Komarov, O., & Yermakhanova, A. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST) · doi:10.1109/sist61674.2026.11596236
Quantifying the Error in Body Composition Assessment: The Influence of Criterion Method SelectionPreprint
Fedewa, M. V., Sullivan, K. W., Metoyer, C. J., & Esco, M. R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9636135/v1
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Puteh, W. M. A. H. W. A. H. @. M., Suradi, M. A. R., Azhan, M. A. N., & Hasan, H. (2026) · Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani · doi:10.37134/jsspj.vol15.1.3.2026
Functional Performance and Foot Morphology in Elite Karate Athletes: Are Structural and Functional Characteristics Related?Preprint
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A Comparative Analysis of Handgrip Strength, Vertical Jump, Agility, Flexibility, and Joint Range of Motion in Young Male Tennis and Badminton Players
Pense, M., & Ünsal, B. (2026) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.1925737
Effects of Regular Physical Activity on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition in Young Adult Men
Romanowska, K. Z., Rayes, M. M. K. E. A., & Kaushik, P. (2025) · Qubahan Journal of Coaching and Sports Sciences · doi:10.48161/qcsj.v3n1a43
Machine Learning-Based Estimation of Sports Performance in Elite Athletes
Takács, T., Bohus, G. Y., Tokodi, M., Csulak, E., Kovács, A. D., Szijártó, Á., Szabó, K., Bátai, L. K., Tősér, Z., Vágó, H., et al. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14100431
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Influential
Variable Energy Availability Exposure and Heterogeneous Physiological Responses to a Prescribed Low Energy Availability Intervention in Free-Living Male Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Case-Series
Forchino, F., Brade, C. J., Kerr, D. A., & Chapman, D. (2026) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports14100446
“Furthermore, variability in body composition assessment meth-ods contributes to inconsistent EA estimates across studies [15,21].”
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Quintero‐Moreno, A., Ojeda-Aravena, A., Sánchez, A. G., Becerra-Patiño, B. A., Morcote, J. M. S., Fernandez, J. A. C., & la Rosa, A. D. (2026) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk11040435
“…are classified as weight-sensitive sports, because athletes compete in weight categories and must undergo extreme diets characterized by dehydration processes to reduce body mass (BM) [26], especially the percentage of body fat (%BF) to enable athletes to move to lower weight categories [23].”
Agreement in the Army's Circumference Measurements and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Mitchell, K. M. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Central Washington University)

Authors: Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W.
Affiliations: University of Arizona (US)
Loughborough University (GB)
United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee (US)
Robert Gordon University (GB)
University of Graz (AT)
ORCID: Maughan, Ronald J.
Meyer, Nanna L.
Stewart, Arthur D.
Müller, Wolfram
Venue: Sports Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 227-249
ISSN: 0112-1642 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
OpenAlex: W1969968719
Cited by: 599
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 14.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Funders: International Olympic Committee
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
Keywords: body composition assessment, athletes, multicomponent model, weight-class sports, aesthetic sports, athlete performance monitoring, body mass index, measurement accuracy and repeatability, selection criteria
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Body Weights and Measures, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sports, Sports Medicine, Western Australia, Absorptiometry, Photon, Body Mass Index, Electric Impedance, Guidelines as Topic, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Body Fat Distribution, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport: Review and Position Statement on Behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition Health and Performance, Under the Auspices of the I.O.C. Medical Commission

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