The DOI matches its Crossref record; 76 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Management
Abstract
It is important for clinicians to recognize major depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI) because of its association with poor global and psychosocial outcome, postconcussive symptoms and cognitive deficits. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date selective review of the current understanding of epidemiology, risk factors and management of major depression following TBI. Many studies of prevalence of depression following TBI have not used accepted structured criteria for the diagnoses, but those that did found wide ranges of rates, from 17% to 61%. The risk factors for development of depression following TBI are poorly understood, but past psychiatric history, frontal lesions and atrophy, and family dysfunction have been shown in more than one study to play important roles. There are few controlled trials of the treatment of major depression in patients with TBI using accepted diagnostic criteria for major depression, as well as defined criteria for response and remission. As such, it is important for clinicians to use best practice guidelines for the treatment of major depression in the absence of TBI.
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“Although treating these symptoms remains a challenge, evidence suggests that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can be an effective treatment for ABI-related anxiety and depressive symptoms (10–13).”
From Trial-based economic evaluation of the BrainACT study: acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and/or depressive symptoms after acquired brain injury. (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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Nugent, A. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.016
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Selvaraj, S., Brambilla, P., & Soares, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.022
Selvaraj, S., Brambilla, P., & Soares, J. C. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108623018.001
Shahid, A., Shen, J., & Shapiro, C. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54836-9_13
Traumatic Brain Injury Can Affect Emotions and Behaviors
Shakkour, Z., Habashy, K. J., Haidar, M. A., Nasrallah, L., Tabet, M., Yehya, Y., Sarieddine, R., Hayek, S. E., Shaito, A. A., & Kobeissy, F. H. (2023) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2023.670743
“Also, PTD happens more frequently in females [8].”
BackgroundMajor and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Traumatic Brain Injury
Hupp, G. S., Cicchetti, R. J., & Szirony, G. M. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781394258895.ch18
Adapting Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Study
Fisher, L. B., Curreri, A. J., Hull, S., Tuchman, S., Cetinkaya, D., Nyer, M., Rose Luehrs, B. S., ZAFONTE, R. D., & Pedrelli, P. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2024.04.003
Mäntylä, M., Russell, E., Zhu, X., McCabe, T., Stewart, W., & Lyall, D. M. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121629
“Depression following TBI is also associated with reduced social function and participation, diminished injury recovery and quality of life, and increased risk of suicide and re-hospitalization [7,16,17,19].”
InfluentialKusec, A., Bennett, R., Carmona-Cejudo, E., Korbacz, A., Smith, V., Peers, P. V., Murphy, F. C., & Manly, T. (2026) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2026.2727981
Metadata
- Authors
- Rapoport, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Rapoport, Mark J.
- ORCID
- Rapoport, Mark J.
- Venue
- CNS Drugs
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-121
- ISSN
- 1172-7047 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035993893
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 9.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CNS Drugs (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic depression, depression prevalence, risk factors, frontal lobe lesions, brain atrophy, family dysfunction, post-concussion symptoms, cognitive impairment, depression treatment, psychosocial outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Disease Management
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