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Cited by 315Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTrauma and Emergency Care Studies

Disability in young people and adults after head injury: 12–14 year follow-up of a prospective cohort

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McMillan, Thomas M, Teasdale, Graham M, Stewart, Elaine·2012·Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is a need to establish how long term outcome evolves after head injury (HI) and factors related to this, to inform opportunities for intervention. OBJECTIVE: To determine late outcome in adults 12-14 years after hospital admission for HI and to examine relationships between injury, early and late factors, and disability. METHODS: A prospective cohort with HI, whose outcome was reported previously at 1 and 5-7 years after injury, were followed up after 12-14 years. Participants were assessed using structured and validated measures of disability (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended), psychological well being, alcohol use and health status. RESULTS: Of 219 survivors followed-up at 5-7 years, 34 (15.5%) had died by 12-14 years. Disability remained common in survivors at 12-14 years (51%), as found at 1 and 5-7 years (53%). For those disabled at 1 year, outcome was poor, with 80% dead or disabled at 12-14 years. Older age at injury, a premorbid history of brain illness or physical disability and post-injury low self-esteem and stress were associated with disability at 12-14 years. Disability changed between 5-7 and 12-14 years in 55% of survivors, improving in 23%. Late changes in disability between 5-7 and 12-14 years were associated with self-perceptions of locus of control as being 'powerful others' at 5-7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Disability is common 12-14 years after hospital admission with a HI. For some there is a dynamic process of change in disability over time that is associated with self-perceptions of control that could be a target for intervention based research.

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  • Uncertainty remains as to how early TBI exposure is related to a broader set of specific medical and social functioning outcomes in adulthood, such as premature mortality, disability pension, and educational attainment.

    “Nevertheless, uncertainty remains as to how early TBI exposure is related to a broader set of specific medical and social functioning outcomes in adulthood [10,21,22], such as premature mortality, disability pension, and educational attainment.”

    From Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Introduction says reliable information about long-term disability after head injury is limited, and the Results examine death, disability, and fitness for work 12–14 years later. The paper does not examine disability pension or educational attainment, and its cohort includes people injured across a wide age range rather than only those exposed to TBI early in life. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Epidemiological studies have consistently found higher rates of adverse outcomes in adults who have sustained a TBI compared to the general population.

    “Epidemiological studies have consistently found higher rates of adverse outcomes in adults who have sustained a TBI when compared to the general population [7–16].”

    From Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as [10]

    The Discussion reports disability in 51% of survivors 12–14 years after hospital admission for head injury, supporting the claim that adverse outcomes are common after TBI. Neither that passage nor the Introduction establishes higher rates than in the general population; the paper’s comparisons are with earlier follow-ups and other head-injury studies. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Similar results have been reported in studies examining global disability indices, such as the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE).

    “Similar results have been reported in studies examining global disability indices [10], such as the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) [21].”

    From Long-Term Outcomes Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study of a Wide Range of Medical and Social Outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as [10]

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Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Values are mean (SD) and N. *Composite score, see Whitnall et al for details. LoC, locus of control. Cognitive neurology on October 11, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://jnnp.bmj.com/ J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746 on 29 May 2012. Downloaded from REFERENCES
  2. Whitnall L, McMillan TM, Murray G, et al. Disability in young people with head injury: a 5e7 year follow-up of a prospective cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77:640e5.
  3. Rappaport M, Herrero-Backe C, Rappaprort ML, et al. Head injury outcome upt to 10 years later. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989;70:885e92.
  4. Babor TF, Ramon de la Fuente J, Saunders J, et al. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Test: Guidelines for use in primary care. Geneva: World Health Organisation (WHO), 1992.
  5. Scottish Executive. Fair Shares for All: Final Report. National Review of Resource Allocation. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive, 2000.
  6. Brown AW, Moessner AM, Mandrekar J, et al. A survey of very long outcomes after traumatic brain injury among members of a population based incident cohort. J Neurotrauma 2011;28:167e76.
  7. Walker J. Control and the psychology of health. Buckingham UK: Open University Press, 2001.

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Authors
McMillan, T. M., Teasdale, G. M., & Stewart, E.
Affiliations
University of Glasgow (GB)
Corresponding author
McMillan, Thomas M
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2012-05-29
Volume
83
Issue
11
Pages
1086-1091
ISSN
  • 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
  • 1468-330X
DOI
10.1136/jnnp-2012-302746
OpenAlex
W2162231203
Cited by
315
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
FWCI
21.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, long-term outcomes, disability, adolescents, young adults, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended, mortality, self-esteem, locus of control, psychological well-being, alcohol consumption, health status, age at injury
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Disability Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Craniocerebral Trauma, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Glasgow Outcome Scale

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