Human endotoxemia as a model of systemic inflammation
Abstract
Systemic inflammation is a pathogenetic component in a vast number of acute and chronic diseases such as sepsis, trauma, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, all of which are associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms and physiological significance of the systemic inflammatory response are still not fully understood. The human endotoxin model, an in vivo model of systemic inflammation in which lipopolysaccharide is injected or infused intravenously in healthy volunteers, may be helpful in unravelling these issues. The present review addresses the basic changes that occur in this model. The activation of inflammatory cascades as well as organ-specific haemodynamic and functional changes after lipopolysaccharide are described, and the limitations of human-experimental models for the study of clinical disease are discussed. Finally, we outline the ethical considerations that apply to the use of human endotoxin model.
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Endotoxin produces a robust but short-term inflammatory response ranging from 40 to 190 pg/mL (up to a 38000% increase) two hours after injection, depending on bacterial strain and dose.
“Endotoxin results in a robust but short-term inflammatory response that ranges from 40 to 190 pg/mL (up to a 38000% increase) two hours after injection depending on the bacterial strain and dose (Andreasen et al., 2008; Grigoleit et al., 2011).”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Andreasen et al., 2008
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Andreasen, A., Krabbe, K., Krogh-Madsen, R., Taudorf, S., Pedersen, B., & Moller, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- Venue
- Current Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2008-07-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1697-1705
- ISSN
- 0929-8673 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2118124014
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Inflammation biomarkers and pathways
- Keywords
- endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, lipopolysaccharide, sepsis, inflammatory cascade, research ethics, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Leukocytes, Models, Biological, Cytokines, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Endotoxemia
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