Cigarette Smoking and Hypertension
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a powerful cardiovascular risk factor and smoking cessation is the single most effective lifestyle measure for the prevention of a large number of cardiovascular diseases. Impairment of endothelial function, arterial stiffness, inflammation, lipid modification as well as an alteration of antithrombotic and prothrombotic factors are smoking-related major determinants of initiation, and acceleration of the atherothrombotic process, leading to cardiovascular events. Cigarette smoking acutely exerts an hypertensive effect, mainly through the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. As concern the impact of chronic smoking on blood pressure, available data do not put clearly in evidence a direct causal relationship between these two cardiovascular risk factors, a concept supported by the evidence that no lower blood pressure values have been observed after chronic smoking cessation. Nevertheless, smoking, affecting arterial stiffness and wave reflection might have greater detrimental effect on central blood pressure, which is more closely related to target organ damage than brachial blood pressure. Hypertensive smokers are more likely to develop severe forms of hypertension, including malignant and renovascular hypertension, an effect likely due to an accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Risk factors for developing hypertension include more salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, unhealthy diet, tobacco consumption, and chronic stress.
“The risk factors for developing HTN are more salt intake, sedentary lifestyle, excess weight, unhealthy diet, tobacco consumption, and chronic stress [8-10].”
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- Authors
- Virdis, A., Giannarelli, C., Fritsch Neves, M., Taddei, S., & Ghiadoni, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pisa (IT)
- Venue
- Current Pharmaceutical Design
- Publisher
- Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
- Published
- 2010-08-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2518-2525
- ISSN
- 1381-6128 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106507216
- Cited by
- 549
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 58 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Pharmaceutical Design (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, hypertension, smoking cessation, cardiovascular risk factors, endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, wave reflection, central blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system, atherothrombosis, malignant hypertension, renovascular hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation, lipid modification
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Hypertension, Risk Factors, Smoking, Vascular Resistance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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