Uptake and Metabolism of the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate, a Critical Review of the Literature

Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood

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Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function

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The Orphan G Protein-coupled Receptors GPR41 and GPR43 Are Activated by Propionate and Other Short Chain Carboxylic Acids

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Utilization of Nutrients by Isolated Epithelial Cells of the Rat Colon

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The SLC16 gene family?from monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond

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GPR109A Is a G-protein–Coupled Receptor for the Bacterial Fermentation Product Butyrate and Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Colon

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Molecular characterization of a membrane transporter for lactate, pyruvate, and other monocarboxylates: Implications for the Cori cycle

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Identification of a free fatty acid receptor, FFA2R, expressed on leukocytes and activated by short-chain fatty acids

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Control of mitochondrial β-oxidation flux

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Roles of short-chain fatty acids receptors, GPR41 and GPR43 on colonic functions.

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Using the KEGG Database Resource

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G Protein-Coupled Receptor 43 Is Essential for Neutrophil Recruitment during Intestinal Inflammation

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Carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon and its relation to acetate concentrations in venous blood.

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STUDIES ON FATTY ACID OXIDATION

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SLC5A8 , a sodium transporter, is a tumor suppressor gene silenced by methylation in human colon aberrant crypt foci and cancers

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Increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4 in colorectal carcinomas

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GPR109A, GPR109B and GPR81, a family of hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors

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Monocarboxylic acid permeation through lipid bilayer membranes

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Butyrate utilization by the colonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel diseases

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How fatty acids of different chain length enter and leave cells by free diffusion

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ON THE MECHANISM OF DEHYDROGENATION OF FATTY ACYL DERIVATIVES OF COENZYME A

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SLC5A8 (SMCT1)-mediated transport of butyrate forms the basis for the tumor suppressive function of the transporter

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Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria have a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1

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Mechanism(s) of butyrate transport in Caco-2 cells: role of monocarboxylate transporter 1

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Water pumps

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Mitochondrial and plasma membrane lactate transporter and lactate dehydrogenase isoform expression in breast cancer cell lines

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Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Clinical and biochemical studies in two patients.

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The human tumour suppressor gene SLC5A8 expresses a Na+–monocarboxylate cotransporter

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Phase II trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (Pivanex, AN-9) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

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Phase I study of the orally administered butyrate prodrug, tributyrin, in patients with solid tumors.

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Mechanism of short-chain fatty acid uptake by apical membrane vesicles of rat distal colon

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A Family of Fatty Acid Binding Receptors

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Short-chain fatty acid activation in rat liver a new assay procedure for the enzymes and studies on their intracellular localization

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Clinical, Biochemical, and Genetic Heterogeneity in Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency

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Identity of SMCT1 (SLC5A8) as a neuron‐specific Na+‐coupled transporter for active uptake of l ‐lactate and ketone bodies in the brain

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Portal and peripheral blood short chain fatty acid concentrations after caecal lactulose instillation at surgery.

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Physiological concentrations of butyrate favorably modulate genes of oxidative and metabolic stress in primary human colon cells

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Regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) promoter by butyrate in human intestinal epithelial cells: Involvement of NF‐κB pathway

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3‐Hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and short chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase in human health and disease

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Biochemical Characterization and Crystal Structure Determination of Human Heart Short Chain l -3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Provide Insights into Catalytic Mechanism

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Butyrate metabolism upstream and downstream acetyl‐CoA synthesis and growth control of human colon carcinoma cells

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Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion

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Butyrate inhibits interleukin-17 and generates Tregs to ameliorate colorectal colitis in rats

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Short chain fatty acids: the messengers from down below

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Small molecule HDAC inhibitors: Promising agents for breast cancer treatment

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Butyrate decreases its own oxidation in colorectal cancer cells through inhibition of histone deacetylases

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Importance of release location on the mode of action of butyrate derivatives in the avian gastrointestinal tract

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Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose

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Luminal Conversion and Immunoregulation by Probiotics

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Tributyrin supplementation in fish and crustacean nutrition: A review

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A literature survey on antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects of butyrate revealing non-antibiotic approaches to tackle bacterial infections

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Butyrate Ameliorates Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity of The Motor-Neuron-like Cell Line NSC34-G93A, a Cellular Model for ALS

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Gut microbiome-metabolites axis: A friend or foe to colorectal cancer progression

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Human Milk Oligosaccharides Support Normal Bowel Function and Improve Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Multicenter, Open-Label Trial

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The Effects of Butyrate on Induced Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Precision-Cut Liver Slices

Prins, G. H., Ríos-Morales, M., Gerding, A., Reijngoud, D., Olinga, P., & Bakker, B. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13124203 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

In Vivo Regulation of Colonic Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, Apoptosis, and P27Kip1 by Dietary Fish Oil and Butyrate in Rats

Hong, M. Y., Turner, N. D., Murphy, M. E., Carroll, R. J., Chapkin, R. S., & Lupton, J. R. (2015) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0147 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The Roles of Gut Microbiota Metabolites in the Occurrence and Development of Colorectal Cancer: Multiple Insights for Potential Clinical Applications

Cheng, W., Li, F., & Yang, R. (2024) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2024.05.012 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate Fecal Microbiota and Are Safe for Use in Children With Overweight

Fonvig, C. E., Amundsen, I. D., Vigsnæs, L. K., Sørensen, N., Frithioff‐Bøjsøe, C., Michael, C., Hedley, P. L., Holm, L. A., McConnell, B., & Holm, J. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000003205 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Buty and the beast: the complex role of butyrate in Parkinson’s disease

Elford, J. D., Becht, N. N., Garssen, J., Kraneveld, A. D., & Perez‐Pardo, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1388401 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

A deterministic oscillatory model of microtubule growth and shrinkage for differential actions of short chain fatty acids

Kilner, J., Corfe, B. M., Auley, M. T. M., & Wilkinson, S. J. (2015) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c5mb00211g · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Butyrate oxidation attenuates the butyrate-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity in myotubes

Ríos-Morales, M., Vieira‐Lara, M. A., Homan, E., Langelaar‐Makkinje, M., Gerding, A., Zhuang, L., Huijkman, N., Rensen, P. C. N., Wolters, J. C., Reijngoud, D., et al. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166476 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Characterization of butyrate-metabolism in colorectal cancer to guide clinical treatment

Luo, Q., Zhou, P. H., Chang, S., Huang, Z., & Zeng, X. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32457-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Intraintestinal fermentation of fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides and the fate of short-chain fatty acids in humans

van Trijp, M. P. H., Ríos-Morales, M., Witteman, B. J. M., Abegaz, F., Gerding, A., An, R., Koehorst, M., Evers, B., van Dongen, K. C. W., Zoetendal, E. G., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109208 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Microbial Metabolites-induced Epigenetic Modifications for Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Singh, V. P., Shirbhate, E., Kore, R., Vishwakarma, S., Parveen, S., Veerasamy, R., Tiwari, A. K., & Rajak, H. (2024) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0113895575320344240625080555 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Hypothesis: butyrate is not an HDAC inhibitor, but a product inhibitor of deacetylation

Corfe, B. M. (2012) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c2mb25028d · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Epigenetic orchestrator and drug enhancer: dual roles of butyrate in regulating post-translational modification and optimizing therapeutic delivery

Deng, X., Zhang, H., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02520-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Transcriptomic and metabolomic responses induced in the livers of growing pigs by a short-term intravenous infusion of sodium butyrate

Ren, E., Chen, X., Yu, S., Xu, J., Su, Y., & Zhu, W. (2018) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731118000174 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Effects of Low or High Dosages of Dietary Sodium Butyrate on the Growth and Health of the Liver and Intestine of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides

Ge, Y., Yao, S., Shi, Y., Cai, C., Wang, C., Wu, P., Cao, X., & Ye, Y. (2022) · Aquaculture Nutrition · doi:10.1155/2022/6173245 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Colorectal keratins: Integrating nutrition, metabolism and colorectal health.

Evans, C., & Corfe, B. (2021) · Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.08.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Butyrate in broiler diets : impact of butyrate presence in distinct gastrointestinal tract segments on digestive function, microbiota composition and immune responses

Moquet, P. C. A. (2018) · doi:10.18174/449961 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Dynamic changes of Bacterial Microbiomes in Oropharynx during Infection and Recovery of COVID-19 Omicron Variant

Cui, G., Sun, Y., Zou, Y., Sun, R., Gao, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, X., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1012075 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The Enteric Nervous System as a Mediator of Microbiota‐Gut‐Brain Interactions in Parkinson's Disease

Valdetaro, L., Ricciardi, M. C., Almeida, P. G., Stockler‐Pinto, M. B., & Gomes, A. L. T. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70339 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

A lifelong exposure to a Western-style diet, but not aging, alters global DNA methylation in mouse colon

Choi, S., Tammen, S. A., Liu, Z., & Friso, S. (2015) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2015.9.4.358 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Dynamic Changes in Serum Metabolomic Profiles of Growing Pigs Induced by Intravenous Infusion of Sodium Butyrate

Wang, H., Ren, E., Xiang, X., Su, Y., & Zhu, W. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10010020 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Insights into the Role of the Microbiota and of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome

Fede, E. D., Ottaviano, E., Grazioli, P., Ceccarani, C., Galeone, A., Parodi, C., Colombo, E. A., Bassanini, G., Fazio, G., Severgnini, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073621 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Use of Sodium Butyrate and Its Microencapsulated Forms in Intestinal Diseases—Current Clinical Approach

Caban, M., Pikus, E., Czarnecka-Chrebelska, K., Oszajca, K., Witusik‐Perkowska, M., Dudek, J., Szemraj, J., Brzeziańska‐Lasota, E., & Talar‐Wojnarowska, R. (2025) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-025-09536-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Epigenetic Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Chemoprevention

Heidor, R., Vargas-Méndez, E., & Moreno, F. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812494-9.00011-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

The Effects of Replacing Fish Meal Protein with Black Soldier Fly Meal and Sodium Butyrate Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Intestinal Villi Status of Jade Perch, Scortum barcoo Fingerlings

Chu, J., Weng, T.-S., & Huang, T.-W. (2023) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes8090437 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Pectin as an Alternative Feed Additive and Effects on Microbiota

Park, S. H., Min, B., Kim, S. A., Ricke, S. C., Crandall, P. G., Lee, S. I., & Lee, S.-O. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812060-6.00015-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Butyrate alleviates adipose mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in experimental model of polycystic ovarian syndrome by modulating SIRT1-dependent mechanism

Olaniyi, K. S., & Areloegbe, S. E. J. (2024) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-024-00273-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Protein abundance of drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes in paired healthy and tumor tissue from colorectal cancer patients

Steigert, S., Brouwers, J., Vanuytsel, T., Verbandt, S., Tejpar, S., Oswald, S., & Augustijns, P. (2025) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125216 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Regulation of Intestinal Butyrate Transporters by Oxidative and Inflammatory Status

Martel, F. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15010048 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Macronutrient Digestion and Absorption

Tappenden, K. A. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18748-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Whole Plant Foods and Colon Cancer Risk

Brown, E. M., Rowland, I. R., Ternan, N. G., Allsopp, P. J., McMullan, G., & Gill, C. I. R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407825-3.00013-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The gut microbiota

Blottière, H. M., & Dore, J. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118982907.ch3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The Effects of Transplantation of the Spaceflight Intestinal Microbiome on Short Chain Fatty Acid Production, Lymphoid organ Immune Composition and Transport KineticsPreprint

Powell, R., Endsley, M. A., & Cromer, W. E. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202307.1699.v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Short-chain fatty acid-producing commensals: Key modulators of AD neuroinflammation via the microbiota-gut-brain axis

Ling, Z., Huang, S., Cheng, Y., Liu, X., Xu, X., Chen, Y., Hu, P., Wu, L., & Cai, G. (2026) · Current Research in Microbial Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2026.100660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Colorectal Cancer

Khaliq, R., Iqbal, P., & Wani, A. Y. (2022) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9258-8.ch006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Population Level Divergence from the Mediterranean Diet and the Risk of Cancer and Metabolic Disease

Pounis, G., Bonaccio, M., Tuohy, K. M., Donati, M. B., de Gaetano, G., & Iacoviello, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407825-3.00014-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Studies in beta cells and adipocytes in the context of obesity and T2D - focusing on PDE3B, OPN and SCFAs

Heimann, E. (2014) · Lund University Publications (Lund University)

“Butter, my love” Joy, Sorrow and Rehabilitation: Not simply Cholesterol and Saturated Fatty Acids

Caramia, G. (2014) · La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica · doi:10.4081/pmc.2014.12

Il burro amore mio gioia, amarezza e riabilitazione: non solo colesterolo e acidi grassi saturi "Butter, my love" Joy, Sorrow and Rehabilitation: Not simply Cholesterol and Saturated Fatty Acids

Caramia, G. (2014)

Modelling of metabolic control by Short Chain Fatty Acids at the level of the functional proteome – II: systems biology model of SCFA metabolism

Corfe, B. M., Evans, C. A., Murabito, E., & B, K. S. A. (2013) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113002619

Studies on non-digestible carbohydrates in the human intestine : Focus on kinetics of fermentation and degradation

van Trijp, M. P. H. (2022) · doi:10.18174/558735

Construction of a novel prognostic model for pancreatic adenocarcinoma to predict prognosis and guide immunotherapy

Zhu, C., Peng, P., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Cheng, R., Liu, Y., & Yin, J. (2025) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2025.2525979

Identification et caractérisation d'une enzyme bifonctionnelle de Ruminococcus gnavus E1 (AgaSK), présentant une activité [alpha]-galactosidase et une activité kinase

Brüel, L. (2014) · doi:10.70675/d0c8f51ez6ccaz4c5azaa09z616c8873b4d5

Impact of a high-fat fructose diet from early life to young adulthood on spatial memory deficits in male rats: Assessments using the Barnes maze and Morris water maze

Izadi, M. S., Salimi, M., Eskandari, F., & Zardooz, H. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115446

Butyrate Regulates Its Own Metabolic Fate as an HDAC inhibitor in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Han, A., MacDonald, A., Bettaieb, A., Whelan, J. N., & Donohoe, D. R. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.31.1_supplement.300.2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Butyrate: A Review on Beneficial Pharmacological and Therapeutic Effect

Singh, D. P., & Gupta, S. (2020) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401316999201029210912 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of short-chain fatty acids in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal disorders: evaluation of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory parameters

Pirozzi, C. (2016)

Hypothesis: butyrate is not an HDAC inhibitor, but a product inhibitor of deacetylation

Corfe, B. M. (2012) · Molecular BioSystems · doi:10.1039/c2mb25028d · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Butyrate decreases its own oxidation in colorectal cancer cells through inhibition of histone deacetylases

Han, A., Bennett, N. E., Bettaieb, A., Whelan, J. N., & Donohoe, D. R. (2018) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25546 · Cited by 66 · see citing works