Physiology of Intestinal Absorption and Secretion
Open accessAbstract
Virtually all nutrients from the diet are absorbed into blood across the highly polarized epithelial cell layer forming the small and large intestinal mucosa. Anatomical, histological, and functional specializations along the gastrointestinal tract are responsible for the effective and regulated nutrient transport via both passive and active mechanisms. In this chapter, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism of intestinal absorption of key nutrients such as sodium, anions (chloride, sulfate, oxalate), carbohydrates, amino acids and peptides, lipids, lipid- and water-soluble vitamins, as well as the major minerals and micronutrients. This outline, including the molecular identity, specificity, and coordinated activities of key transport proteins and genes involved, serves as the background for the following chapters focused on the pathophysiology of acquired and congenital intestinal malabsorption, as well as clinical tools to test and treat malabsorptive symptoms.
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In the human small intestine, Na absorption occurs primarily via two apical transporters, NHE3 and SGLT1.
“In the small intestine, sodium (Na) absorption occurs primarily via two apical transporters, Na-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) and Na-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1).”
From Regulation of Enterocyte Brush Border Membrane Primary Na-Absorptive Transporters in Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Monolayers (2024) · cites this paper as [19]
The ‘Intestinal Na+ absorption’ section identifies NHE3 as the most significant apical Na+/H+ exchanger, and the ‘Sugar transport across the GI tract’ section describes SGLT1-mediated Na+ uptake with glucose. But the paper also describes Na+ absorption through other nutrient transporters, including amino-acid transporters; it does not establish that NHE3 and SGLT1 together account for most small-intestinal Na+ absorption. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Kiela, P. R., & Ghishan, F. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghishan, Fayez K.
- Venue
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 145-159
- ISSN
- 1521-6918 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4956471
- OpenAlex
- W2257201151
- Cited by
- 752
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 84 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 19.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (4r01dk041274-29)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-041274, R37DK033209)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Digestive system and related health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Keywords
- intestinal absorption, intestinal secretion, nutrient transport, intestinal epithelium, sodium uptake, chloride uptake, oxalate absorption, carbohydrate absorption, amino acid uptake, fat absorption, vitamin absorption, mineral absorption, micronutrients, membrane transporters, malabsorption
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Intestinal Mucosa, Intestinal Secretions
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