Cited by 559Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchPhytochemistry Medicinal Plant ApplicationsForensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 122 of the 122 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent

Machado Bergamaschi, Mateus, Helena Costa Queiroz, Regina, Waldo Zuardi, Antonio, Alexandre S. Crippa, Jose·2011·Current Drug Safety

DOI 10.2174/157488611798280924

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychotropic constituent of Cannabis, has multiple pharmacological actions, including anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about its safety and side effect profile in animals and humans. This review describes in vivo and in vitro reports of CBD administration across a wide range of concentrations, based on reports retrieved from Web of Science, Scielo and Medline. The keywords searched were "cannabinoids", "cannabidiol" and "side effects". Several studies suggest that CBD is non-toxic in non-transformed cells and does not induce changes on food intake, does not induce catalepsy, does not affect physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature), does not affect gastrointestinal transit and does not alter psychomotor or psychological functions. Also, chronic use and high doses up to 1,500 mg/day of CBD are reportedly well tolerated in humans. Conversely, some studies reported that this cannabinoid can induce some side effects, including inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism, alterations of in vitro cell viability, decreased fertilization capacity, and decreased activities of p-glycoprotein and other drug transporters. Based on recent advances in cannabinoid administration in humans, controlled CBD may be safe in humans and animals. However, further studies are needed to clarify these reported in vitro and in vivo side effects.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2174/157488611798280924

Cites

122 of 122 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cytochrome P-450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry
de Montellano, O., & Paul, R. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,663
The diverse CB 1 and CB 2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Δ 9 ‐tetrahydrocannabivarin
Pertwee, R. G. (2007) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707442 · Cited by 2,047
Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects.
Russo, E. B. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x · Cited by 1,535
Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide
Bisogno, T., Hanuš, L., PETROCELLIS, L. D., Tchilibon, S., Ponde, D. E., Brandi, I., Moriello, A. S., Davis, J. B., Mechoulam, R., & Marzo, V. D. (2001) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704327 · Cited by 1,315
Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid‐enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes
De Petrocellis, L., Ligresti, A., Moriello, A. S., Allarà, M., Bisogno, T., Petrosino, S., Stott, C. G., & Di Marzo, V. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x · Cited by 946
Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb
Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Marzo, V. D., & Mechoulam, R. (2009) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.07.006 · Cited by 879
Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors
Russo, E. B., Burnett, A., Hall, B., & Parker, K. K. (2005) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-005-6978-1 · Cited by 878
Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naïve Social Phobia Patients
Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H. C., Chagas, M. H. N., de Oliveira, D. C. G., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., Quevedo, J., Roesler, R., Schröder, N., Nardi, A. E., et al. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6 · Cited by 771 · cited 3×
“(2011) [65] human oral 600mg no significant effects on heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, bodily symptoms and psychological measurements”
Background
Neopterin as a Marker for Immune System Activation
Murr, C., Widner, B., Wirleitner, B., & Fuchs, D. (2002) · Current Drug Metabolism · doi:10.2174/1389200024605082 · Cited by 737
Opposite Effects of Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Human Brain Function and Psychopathology
Bhattacharyya, S., Morrison, P. D., Fusar-Poli, P., Martin-Santos, R., Borgwardt, S., Winton-Brown, T., Nosarti, C., O' Carroll, C. M., Seal, M., Allen, P., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.184 · Cited by 680

Show all 122 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 559

Cannabidiol for at risk for psychosis youth: A randomized controlled trial
Amminger, G. P., Lin, A. P., Kerr, M., Weller, A., Spark, J., Pugh, C., O’Callaghan, S., Berger, M., Clark, S. R., Scott, J. G., et al. (2021) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.13182 · Cited by 17
“Side-effects Basic research and animal studies (reviewed by [Bergamaschi et al., 2011]) suggest that CBD is non-toxic in non-transformed cells and does not affect food intake, physiological parameters (heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature), gastrointestinal transit, psychomotor or…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cannabidiol prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and alters cytokine and neurotrophic factor levels in the brain
Tito, P. A. L., Bernardino, T. C. D. S., Bellozi, P. M. Q., da Silva, M. C. M., de Miranda, A. S., Vieira, É. L. M., Moreira, F. A., Palotás, A., de Oliveira, A. C. P., & Reis, H. J. (2021) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-021-00301-8 · Cited by 15
Cannabidiol promotes fin regeneration and reduces apoptosis in zebrafish embryos
Xu, S., Zhang, H., Li, C.-Z., Lai, P., Wang, G., Chan, Y. S., Cheng, S. H., & Chen, X. (2021) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2021.104694 · Cited by 15
Cannabidiol attenuates hypersensitivity and oxidative stress after traumatic spinal cord injury in rats
Baron-Flores, V., Dı́az-Ruiz, A., Manzanares, J., Rı́os, C., Burelo, M., Jardón-Guadarrama, G., Martínez-Cárdenas, M. D. L. Á., & Mata-Bermúdez, A. (2022) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136855 · Cited by 15
Cannabidiol in low back pain: scientific rationale for clinical trials in low back pain
Xantus, G. Z., Závori, L., Matheson, C., Gyarmathy, V. A., Fazekas, L. M., & Kanizsai, P. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1917379 · Cited by 14
Cannabidiol-Treated Ovariectomized Mice Show Improved Glucose, Energy, and Bone Metabolism With a Bloom in Lactobacillus
Sui, K., Tveter, K. M., Bawagan, F. G., Buckendahl, P., Martinez, S. A., Jaffri, Z. H., MacDonell, A. T., Wu, Y., Duran, R. M., Shapses, S. A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.900667 · Cited by 16
Safety and Tolerability of Oral Cannabinoids in People Living with HIV on Long-Term ART: A Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Pilot Clinical Trial (CTNPT 028)
Bouassa, R. M., Needham, J., Nohynek, D., Singer, J., Lee, T., Bobeuf, F., Samarani, S., Balso, L. D., Paisible, N., Vertzagias, C., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10123168 · Cited by 15
Solubility Enhancement and Antioxidation Maintenance of CBD Encapsulated in the P407-RUB Nano-micelle System
Su, Y.-T., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Current Drug Delivery · doi:10.2174/1567201820666230330090025 · Cited by 15
Nipecotic acid as potential lead molecule for the development of GABA uptake inhibitors; structural insights and design strategies
Singh, K., Kumar, P., Bhatia, R., Mehta, V., Kumar, B., & Akhtar, M. J. (2022) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114269 · Cited by 14
Systematic Review on Transdermal/Topical Cannabidiol Trials: A Reconsidered Way Forward
Scholfield, C. N., Waranuch, N., & Kongkaew, C. (2022) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0154 · Cited by 14
“Numerous safety studies targeted to many tissues/ organs also suggest a high level of CBD safety, 29 but unless accompanied by clear treatment outcomes un-ambiguously mediated through CBD at known 596 SCHOLFIELD ET AL.”
Behavioral Problems in Fragile X Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Management
Davidson, M., Sebastian, S. A., Benitez, Y., Desai, S., Quinonez, J., Ruxmohan, S., Stein, J. D., & Cueva, W. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.21840 · Cited by 14
“Open-label studies in children with FXS in Australia showed improvements in anxiety and depression on the Anxiety, Depression, and Mood Scale (ADAMS) after receiving 250 mg CBD bi-weekly via transdermal patch [11,22,23].”
Background
Cannabidiol prevents cognitive and social deficits in a male rat model of Alzheimer’s disease through CB1 activation and inflammation modulation
Toledano, R. S., & Akirav, I. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02213-0 · Cited by 17
Practical considerations for testing the effects of cannabidiol on human anxiety
Leen‐Feldner, E. W., Bynion, T., Gournay, R., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., & Feldner, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102429 · Cited by 13
Cannabidiol Modulates Emotional Function and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Middle-Aged Female Rats Exposed to Social Isolation
Saad, N., Raviv, D., Zer‐Aviv, T. M., & Akirav, I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015492 · Cited by 13
“It is important to note that CBD is not toxic and does not induce changes in food intake, catalepsy, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, or psychomotor functions [40,43].”
Background
An In Silico Study for Expanding the Utility of Cannabidiol in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutic Development
Choi, K., Lee, Y., & Kim, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242116013 · Cited by 13
Differential effects of cannabis constituents on schizophrenia-related psychosis: a rationale for incorporating cannabidiol into a schizophrenia therapeutic regimen
Johnson, K., Weldon, A. J., & Burmeister, M. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1386263 · Cited by 14
“CBD inhibits CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6, and may inhibit members of the CYP3 family; alternatively, repetitive administration may induce members of the CYP2B family (90 – 92).”
Background
Impact of smoking cannabidiol (CBD)-rich marijuana on driving ability
Gelmi, T. J., Weinmann, W., & Pfäffli, M. (2021) · Forensic Sciences Research · doi:10.1080/20961790.2021.1946924 · Cited by 13
A Clinical Framework for Assessing Cannabis-Related Impairment Risk
MacCallum, C. A., Lo, L. A., Pistawka, C. A., Christiansen, A. L., Boivin, M. R., & Snider-Adler, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883517 · Cited by 13
“THC and CBD combinations were also associated with positive effects on symptoms, while experiencing significantly less paranoia and anxiety than THConly products (72).”
BackgroundInfluential
Translating Endocannabinoid Biology into Clinical Practice: Cannabidiol for Stroke Prevention
Scharf, E. L. (2017) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2017.0033 · Cited by 14
Post Marketing Safety of Plus CBD™ Products, a Full Spectrum Hemp Extract: A 2-Year Experience
Schmitz, S. M., Lopez, H. L., & Marinotti, O. (2020) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2020.1767255 · Cited by 13
“Finally, neurological side effects were not seen in a large review of safety of CBD (Machado Bergamaschi et al. 2011).”
Background
Emerging Roles of Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Clinical Experimental Models
Morales, P., & Reggio, P. H. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57369-0_4 · Cited by 13
Practical Considerations for the Use of Cannabis in Cancer Pain Management—What a Medical Oncologist Should Know
Gorzo, A., Havasi, A. D., Spînu, Ș., Oprea, A. L., Burz, C. C., & Sur, D. G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11175036 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, using high doses for a long time was associated with memory and psychomotor speed impairments, particularly in adolescents and young adults [92].”
Background
Acute Effects of Ad Libitum Use of Commercially Available Cannabis Products on the Subjective Experience of Aerobic Exercise: A Crossover Study
Gibson, L. P., Giordano, G., Bidwell, L. C., Hutchison, K. E., & Bryan, A. D. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01980-4 · Cited by 11
“Heart rate was elevated after ad libitum cannabis use among participants in the THC condition but not the CBD condition, in line with previous research documenting an increase in heart rate following inhalation of THC [66] but not CBD [67].”
Cannabidiol Exerts Anticonvulsant Effects Alone and in Combination with Δ9-THC through the 5-HT1A Receptor in the Neocortex of Mice
Javadzadeh, Y., Santos, A. C., Aquilino, M. S., Mylvaganam, S., Urban, K., & Carlen, P. L. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13060466 · Cited by 13
Cannabidiol and pain
Nascimento, G. C., Escobar-Espinal, D. M., Bálico, G. G., da Silva, N. R., & Del-Bel, E. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.04.016 · Cited by 14
Cannabidiol exhibits potent anti-cancer activity against gemcitabine-resistant cholangiocarcinoma via ER-stress induction in vitro and in vivo
Pongking, T., Thongpon, P., Intuyod, K., Klungsaeng, S., Thanan, R., Chaidee, A., Charoenram, N., Kongsintaweesuk, S., Sakonsinsiri, C., Vaeteewoottacharn, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04610-2 · Cited by 12
“This speculation is supported by a number of studies which have reported that CBD doses up to 1500 mg/day are safe and well-tolerated in humans [38].”
Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil, Cancer, and Symptom Management: A Google Trends Analysis of Public Interest
Narayanan, S., Neto, F. L., Tanco, K. C., Lopez, G., Liu, W., Bruera, E. D., & Subbiah, V. (2020) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0428 · Cited by 12
Virulence-attenuated Salmonella engineered to secrete immunomodulators reduce tumour growth and increase survival in an autochthonous mouse model of breast cancer
Augustin, L. B., Milbauer, L. C., Hastings, S. E., Leonard, A. S., Saltzman, D. A., & Schottel, J. L. (2020) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.1080/1061186x.2020.1850739 · Cited by 11
“The 50mg/kg administered CBD dose is equivalent, by body surface area conversion, to the MTD determined in human clinical trials [29].”
Method
Clinical Management of Sleep and Sleep Disorders With Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Implications to Practicing Psychiatrists
Monti, J. M., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2022) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0000000000000494 · Cited by 12
Cannabidiol induces systemic analgesia through activation of the PI3Kγ/nNOS/NO/KATP signaling pathway in neuropathic mice. A KATP channel S-nitrosylation-dependent mechanism
de Almeida, D. L., Ferreira, R. C. M., Fonseca, F. C. D. S., Machado, D. P. D., Aguiar, D. D., Guimarães, F. S., Duarte, I. D. G., & Romero, T. R. L. (2024) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2024.02.005 · Cited by 13
Investigating Cannabidiol's potential as a supplementary treatment for schizophrenia: A narrative review
Völker, J. S. D., Micluția, I., & Vinași, R.-C. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176821 · Cited by 14
Maternal ingestion of cannabidiol (CBD) in mice leads to sex-dependent changes in memory, anxiety, and metabolism in the adult offspring, and causes a decrease in survival to weaning age
Compagno, M. Z. K., Silver, C. R., Cox-Holmes, A., Basso, K. B. G., Bishop, C., Bernstein, A. M., Carley, A., Cazorla, J., Claydon, J., Crane, A., et al. (2024) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173902 · Cited by 11
“Simultaneously there is clinical interest in CBD due to its potential benefit as a natural antipsychotic, anti-nociceptive, anticonvulsant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuro-protective agent (Machado Bergamaschi et al., 2011; Hill and Palastro, 2017).”
Diniconazole Promotes the Yield of Female Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Inflorescence and Cannabinoids in a Vertical Farming System
Hahm, S., Lee, B., Bok, G., Kim, S., & Park, J. S. (2023) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy13061497 · Cited by 12
Natural cannabinoids suppress the cytokine storm in sepsis-like in vitro model
Szekely, Y., Ingbir, M., Bentur, O. S., Hochner, O., & Porat, R. (2020) · European Cytokine Network · doi:10.1684/ecn.2020.0445 · Cited by 14
“A study examining the safety of CBD use found that it is probably safe and well tolerated in humans, including in chronic use and in doses of up to 1,500 mg/day (a higher dose was not tested) [37].”
Background
Routes of Administration, Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Medicinal Cannabis
O’Brien, K., & Blair, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78559-8_11 · Cited by 11
In silico approaches for study the therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa (Bhang) against HIV
Kajal, V., Boora, S., Wadhwa, S., Soniya, K., Yadav, S., Kaushik, S., & Kaushik, S. (2023) · Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13596-023-00697-z · Cited by 10
Fragile X Syndrome and Targeted Treatments
Tassanakijpanich, N., Cabal-Herrera, A. M., Salcedo‐Arellano, M. J., & Hagerman, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research · doi:10.14710/jbtr.v6i1.7321 · Cited by 10
“effects of CBD and found that chronic use and high doses of CBD were reportedly well tolerated in humans.(54) Some patients may experience transitory, dose-dependent mild to moderate effects including somnolence, decreased appetite and gastrointestinal disturbances.”
Background
Challenges and considerations for treating PTSD with medicinal cannabis: the Australian clinician’s perspective
Ney, L. J., Akóṣílè, W., Davey, C. G., Pitcher, L., Felmingham, K. L., Mayo, L. M., Hill, M. N., & Strodl, E. S. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2023.2276309 · Cited by 9
High Concentrations of Cannabidiol Induce Neurotoxicity in Neurosphere Culture System
Romariz, S. A. A., Sanabria, V., da Silva, K. R., Quintella, M. L., de Melo, B. A. G., Porcionatto, M. A., de Almeida, D. C., & Longo, B. M. (2024) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-024-00692-5 · Cited by 9
“…Crippa et al. 2016); likewise, some harmful effects have also been reported for CBD in vitro and in vivo, including alterations in cell viability, reduced fertilization capacity, and inhibition of drug hepatic metabolism and transporters (Machado Bergamaschi et al. 2011; Schönhofen et al. 2015).”
Cannabis and the immune response: A comprehensive review of therapeutic potential and concerns
Barakat, M. M., Thiab, S. H., Alzaghari, L. F., Abdulrazzaq, S. B., Hasen, E., Abuarab, S. F., Nasereddin, L., Omar, A., Barakat, Y., Chellappan, D. K., et al. (2025) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100876 · Cited by 10
Effects of combined cannabidiol (CBD) and hops (Humulus lupulus) terpene extract treatment on RAW 264.7 macrophage viability and inflammatory markers
Dammann, I., Keil, C., Hardewig, I., Skrzydlewska, E., Biernacki, M., & Haase, H. (2023) · Natural Products and Bioprospecting · doi:10.1007/s13659-023-00382-3 · Cited by 9
The Development of Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents in the United States
Murray, C. H., Gannon, B. M., Winsauer, P. J., Cooper, Z. D., & Delatte, M. S. (2024) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001121 · Cited by 10
Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extracts of hemp leaf in IL-1β-induced synovitis
Duangnin, N., Klangjorhor, J., Tipparat, P., Pinmanee, S., Phitak, T., Pothacharoen, P., & Kongtawelert, P. (2017) · Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.4314/tjpr.v16i7.13 · Cited by 9
“In pharmacology, hemp has been applied to numerous diseases, especially pain and neuronal disorders [9,10].”
Background
Cannabis and Cannabinoids on Treatment of Inflammation: A Patent Review
Menezes, P. M. N., Pereira, E. C. V., Silva, M. E. G. D. C., da Silva, B. A. O., Filho, L. A. M. D. S. D., Araújo, T. C. D. L., Lima, K. S. B., Silva, F. S., & Rolim, L. A. (2019) · Recent Patents on Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1872208313666190618124345 · Cited by 9
Cannabis for Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis—High Expectations, Poor Data
Rudroff, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01239 · Cited by 9
“On the contrary, a recent review (Iffland and Grotenhermen, 2017) substantiated and expanded the findings of an earlier review (Bergamaschi et al., 2011) about the favorable safety profile of CBD.”
Result
Cannabidiol Does Not Impair Anabolic Signaling Following Eccentric Contractions in Rats
Langer, H. T., Mossakowski, A. A., Pathak, S. J., Mascal, M., & Baar, K. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0270 · Cited by 9
Clinical Trials of Cannabidiol for Substance Use Disorders: Outcome Measures, Surrogate Endpoints, and Biomarkers
Morel, A., Lebard, P., Dereux, A., Azuar, J., Questel, F., Bellivier, F., Cynthia Marie-claire, A., Fatseas, M., Vorspan, F., & Bloch, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.565617 · Cited by 9
“Pharmacologically speaking, CBD is a CB1-receptor lowaffinity agonist (6, 7) with inverse-agonist properties in the presence of THC (8).”
Background
An overview on development and application of an experimental platform for quantitative cardiac imaging research in rabbit models of myocardial infarction.
Feng, Y., Bogaert, J. G., Oyen, R., & Ni, Y. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.09.01 · Cited by 9
“org/qims found with multiple pharmacological actions including anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antiemetic properties (72).”
Background
Randomized Clinical Trials Investigating Innovative Interventions for Smoking Cessation in the Last Decade
Gendy, M. N. S., Ibrahim, C., Sloan, M. E., & Foll, B. L. (2019) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2019_253 · Cited by 10
Cannabidiol reduces neuropathic pain and cognitive impairments through activation of spinal PPARγ
Islas-Espinoza, A. M., Ramos-Rodríguez, I. I., Escoto-Rosales, M. J., Pizaña-Encarnación, J. M., Morales-Galindo, D. K., Caram‐Salas, N. L., Déciga‐Campos, M., Rodríguez-Palma, E. J., & Granados‐Soto, V. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105378 · Cited by 9
Cannabis-Based Cosmetic Products and Their Uses
Nadar, R. M., Pathak, S., Ramesh, S., Govindarajulu, M., Moore, T., Agrawal, D. C., & Dhanasekaran, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8822-5_13 · Cited by 8
Cannabidiol Marketing Strategies in the United States: An Analysis of Three Prominent Companies
Berg, C. J., Schauer, G. L., Cavazos‐Rehg, P. A., Romm, K. F., Wang, Y., Wysota, C. N., Duan, Z., & Henriksen, L. (2022) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2022.0080 · Cited by 8
High-CBD Cannabis Vapor Attenuates Opioid Reward and Partially Modulates Nociception in Female Rats
Rivera-Garcia, M. T., Rose, R. M., & Wilson‐Poe, A. R. (2022) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100050 · Cited by 11
“Unlike THC, CBD does not produce rewarding effects or psychomotor impairment [25], and it has numerous potential therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects [3, 4].”
Background
Perfil antipsicótico do canabidiol
Pedrazzi, J. F. C., Pereira, A. C. D. C. I., Gomes, F. V., & Bel, E. A. D. (2014) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v47i2p112-119 · Cited by 9
Cannabidiol Does Not Impact Acute Anabolic or Inflammatory Signaling in Skeletal Muscle In Vitro
Langer, H. T., Avey, A. M., & Baar, K. (2021) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0132 · Cited by 8
Efficacy of Cannabis and its Constituents in Disease Management: Insights from Clinical Studies
Vimal, D., D’Souza, L. C., Rai, V., Lal, S., Sharma, A., & Gupta, S. C. (2022) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867329666220525124818 · Cited by 8
Effects of cannabidiol on vacuous chewing movements, plasma glucose and oxidative stress indices in rats administered high dose risperidone
Kajero, J. A., Seedat, S., OHAERI, J. U., Akindele, A. J., & Aina, O. O. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24235-0 · Cited by 8
The effects of cannabidiol on subjective states, cognition, and psychomotor function in healthy adults: A randomized clinical trial
Rudisill, T. M., Innes, K. (., Wen, S., Haggerty, T. S., & Smith, G. S. (2023) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/fcp.12868 · Cited by 8
“Some of the most common self-reported side effects included gastrointestinal issues, drowsiness, and/or sedation [18, 34, 35].”
Background
Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Movement Disorders
Catlow, B. J., & Sanchez‐Ramos, J. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-015-0370-5 · Cited by 8
Optimization of seizure prevention by cannabidiol (CBD)
Bhandari, B., Naeini, S. E., Rezaee, S., Rogers, H. M., Khodadadi, H., Bosomtwi, A., Seyyedi, M., MacKinnon, N. J., Dhandapani, K. M., Salles, É. L., et al. (2025) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2022-0362 · Cited by 7
An evaluation of the genotoxicity and 90‐day repeated‐dose toxicity of a CBD‐rich hemp oil
Clewell, A. E., Glávits, R., Endres, J. R., Murbach, T. S., Báldi, P. T., Renkecz, T., Hirka, G., Vértesi, A., Béres, E., & Szakonyiné, I. P. (2023) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.4511 · Cited by 7
“…as well as reversible increases in transaminases, especially if CBD is given at higher doses and co-administered with certain medications (Bergamaschi et al., 2011; Iffland & Grotenhermen, 2017; Lattanzi et al., 2018; Millar et al., 2019; WHO & Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, 2017).”
Background
Effects of cannabidiol on fear conditioning in anxiety disorders: decreased threat expectation during retention, but no enhanced fear re-extinction
Kwee, C., van der Flier, F. E., Duits, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Cath, D. C., & Baas, J. M. P. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06512-6 · Cited by 7
“In line with little subjective or side effects of CBD found earlier (Bergamaschi et al. 2011; Chesney et al. 2020), there were no significant differences between the CBD and placebo condition (See S3.”
Drug-Drug Interaction Between Cannabidiol, Cyclosporine, and Mycophenolate Mofetil: A Case Report
Cuñetti, L., Oricchio, F., Vázquez, M., Peyraube, R., Manzo, L. L., Nalerio, C., Curi, L., & Maldonado, C. (2024) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.11.013 · Cited by 7
Effect of Preoperative Oral Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract on Anxiety and Postoperative Pain after Endodontic Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Silva, S. D. A., Velozo, C., Montenegro, L. D. A. S., de Sousa, W. V., Isaltino, M. D. C., Diniz, M. D. F. F. M., & de Albuquerque, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2024.10.010 · Cited by 7
Cannabinoids in the Orthopedic Setting: A Literature Review
Carreira, D. S., Garden, S. R., Huffman, A., & Ueland, T. E. (2022) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20220225-11 · Cited by 7
Cannabidiol Decreases Intestinal Inflammation in the Ovariectomized Murine Model of Postmenopause
Bacalia, K. M. A., Tveter, K. M., Palmer, H., Douyere, J., Martinez, S. A., Sui, K., & Roopchand, D. E. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010074 · Cited by 7
Pharmacological Interaction Between Cannabidiol and Tramadol on Experimental Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: An Isobolographic Analysis
Evans, A. A., Jesus, C. H. A., Martins, L. L., Fukuyama, A. H., Gasparin, A. T., Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Genaro, K., de Castro, C. J., et al. (2023) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0242 · Cited by 7
“29 In addition, considering CBD’s favorable safety proﬁle, 30,31 issues associated with TMD use, including unwanted opioid side effects, could be reduced.”
Toxicological safety assessment of HempChoice® hemp oil extract; a proprietary extract consisting of a high concentration of cannabidiol (CBD) in addition to other phytocannabinoids and terpenes derived from Cannabis sativaL
Dziwenka, M. M., Coppock, R. W., Davidson, M., & Weder, M. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16913 · Cited by 9
The impact of cannabidiol placebo on responses to an acute stressor: A replication and proof of concept study
Zhekova, R. M., Perry, R. N., Spinella, T. C., Dockrill, K., Stewart, S. H., & Barrett, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811231219060 · Cited by 7
“…a broad range of therapeutic effects including antiepileptic, sedative, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antidepressant, and neuroprotective actions (Bergamaschi et al., 2011a; Campos et al., 2016; Khoury et al., 2017), to date, much of the evidence that has been used to justify the use of CBD in a…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
A Suite of Mechanistic Epidemiological Decision Support Tools
Noiprasert, S., Imphat, C., Taniguchi, R., Rawdkuen, S., Khoochonthara, J., Nongkhai, M., Tian, J., & Chin, J. (2018) · Online Journal of Public Health Informatics · doi:10.26538/tjnpr/v10i2.19 · Cited by 7
A Review on Emerging Drug Targets in Treatment of Schizophrenia
Ved, H. S., & Doshi, G. (2020) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450121666200615150429 · Cited by 7
Cannabidiol presents an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in the simulated public speaking test
Linares, I. M. P. (2016) · doi:10.26226/morressier.5785edced462b80296c99e83 · Cited by 7
Expectancies about the effects of cannabidiol products on anxiety symptoms
Altman, B. R., Mian, M. N., Ueno, L. F., & Earleywine, M. (2021) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2021.2006341 · Cited by 6
The Effects of Cannabidiol on the Driving Performance of Healthy Adults: A Pilot RCT
Rudisill, T. M., Innes, K. E., Wen, S., Haggerty, T. S., & Smith, G. S. (2022) · AJPM Focus · doi:10.1016/j.focus.2022.100053 · Cited by 7
Cannabinoids-based Medicine Pharmacology, Drug Interactions, and Perioperative Management of Surgical Patients
Narouze, S., Strand, N. H., & Roychoudhury, P. (2020) · Advances in Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.aan.2020.08.004 · Cited by 7
HRMS Detector for the New HILIC CBD Method Development in Hemp Seed Oil
Wang, Y., Hao, Z., & Pan, L. (2020) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.0c00331 · Cited by 6
Alteration of the Canine Metabolome After a 3-Week Supplementation of Cannabidiol (CBD) Containing Treats: An Exploratory Study of Healthy Animals
Morris, E. M., Kitts-Morgan, S. E., Spangler, D. M., Ogunade, I. M., McLeod, K. R., & Harmon, D. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.685606 · Cited by 8
“The wide range of potential therapeutic effects are thought to be a result of multiple mechanisms of action on receptors known to be a part of the endocannabinoid system [ECS; (6, 7)].”
Background
Cannabidiol: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders
Lirio, P. H. C., Gaspari, P. D. M., & Campos, A. C. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.05.001 · Cited by 6
Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Drug Use Disorders
SANTOS, R. G. D., Hallak, J. E. C., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800756-3.00113-7 · Cited by 5
HPLC Method for Separation of Cannabidiol Hemp Seed Oil with Skin Lipids and Tandem HRMS Technology for Characterization of a Chemical Marker
Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Hao, Z., & Pan, L. (2021) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics8040108 · Cited by 5
“CBD has been comprehensively studied with the conclusion that even high doses of CBD are safe and are well tolerated without causing significant side effects [1,2].”
Background
Cannabidiol promotes apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo by activating the SP1-CBX2 axis.
Xu, F., Sun, G., Peng, Z., Liu, J., Li, Z., & Yan, J. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
Can cannabidiol (CBD) help with low back pain?
Kulesza, B., Mazurek, M., & Kurzepa, J. (2023) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/168674 · Cited by 5
“Additionally, tolerance to CBD does not develop [29].”
Background
Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol on Methamphetamine Abuse: A Review of Preclinical Study.
Razavi, Y., Keyhanfar, F., Shabani, R., Haghparast, A., & Mehdizadeh, M. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22037/ijpr.2021.114918.15106 · Cited by 6
Medical cannabis and cannabidiol: A new harvest for Malawi
Bandawe, G. P. (2022) · Malawi Medical Journal · doi:10.4314/mmj.v34i2.10 · Cited by 5
Cannabis: Drug of Abuse and Therapeutic Agent, Two Sides of the Same Coin
Canseco-Alba, A., & Rodrı́guez–Manzo, G. (2023) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.23000112 · Cited by 6
“Its acute administration by distinct routes does not produce significant toxic effects in humans across a wide range of concentrations and is well tolerated at doses up to 1500 mg/day, as well as with chronic use 55 .”
Background
Systemic Chronic Treatment with Cannabidiol in Carioca High- and Low-Conditioned Freezing Rats in the Neuropathic Pain Model: Evaluation of Pain Sensitivity
Macêdo-Souza, C., Maisonnette, S. S., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., Landeira-Fernández, J., & Leite‐Panissi, C. R. A. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16071003 · Cited by 5
An evaluation of the cannabinoid content of the liquid and thermal degradation analysis of cannabis‐labeled vape liquids
Moreno, S., Trouten, A., Richards‐Waugh, L. L., & Quiñones, R. (2024) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15508 · Cited by 5
Chemical Profiling of Polyphenolic Fraction of Cannabis sativa L. vr. Kompolti Industrial Inflorescences: Insights into Cannabidiol Neuroprotective Effects in a Cellular Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Fantasma, F., D’Urso, G., Martella, N., Capuano, A., Boccia, E., Samukha, V., Felice, V. D., Saviano, G., Trombetta, F., Lauro, G., et al. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14101473 · Cited by 4
“Recently, CBD has attracted major attention due to its neuroprotective activity [24], its nonpsychoactive nature, and well-tolerated pharmacological behaviour [25–27].”
The prevalence and perceptions of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among ultra-endurance runners
Cole, P. L., Bontemps, B., Pugh, J. N., & Owens, D. J. (2025) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2025.2561040 · Cited by 4
“As an example, cannabidiol (CBD) is permitted for use by WADA and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, suggesting its potential as an alternative to NSAIDs (Machado Bergamaschi et al., 2011; Mechoulam & HANUŠ, 2002).”
Cannabidiol Modulates Neuroinflammatory Markers in a PTSD Model Conducted on Female Rats
Portugalov, A., Peled, G., Zorin, S., & Akirav, I. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14111384 · Cited by 4
Cannabidiol in the management of bruxism in behavioral variant of frontotemporal degeneration
Piña‐Escudero, S. D., de Oliveira, M. O., Snyder, A., & Miller, B. L. (2021) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2021.1917620 · Cited by 5
“Its tolerability and paucity of side effects make CBD (Machado Bergamaschi et al., 2011) an attractive option for patients with dementia.”
Background
The Use of Cannabidiol in Patients With Low Back Pain Caused by Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: An Observational Study
Bakewell, B. K., Sherman, M., Binsfeld, K., Ilyas, A. M., Stache, S. A., Sharma, S., Stolzenberg, D. S., & Greis, A. C. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.29196 · Cited by 5
“CBD has also been observed to have anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and antipsychotic behaviors [6].”
Background
Human quad liver-on-chip system as a tool toward bridging the gap between animals and humans regarding toxicology and pharmacology of a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract
Ewing, L., Skinner, C. M., McGill, M. R., Kennon‐McGill, S., Clement, K., Quick, C. M., Yee, E. U., Williams, D. K., Walker, L., ElSohly, M. A., et al. (2024) · Drug and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1080/01480545.2024.2388292 · Cited by 4
Scent Knows Better: Utilizing Volatile Organic Compounds as a Robust Tool for Identifying Higher Cannabidiol- and Tetrahydrocannabinol-Containing Cannabis Cultivars in Field Conditions
Cho, J. Y., Ryu, D. H., Hamayun, M., Lee, S. H., Jung, J. H., & Kim, H. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06652 · Cited by 4
Uncovering the antifungal potential of Cannabidiol and Cannabidivarin
Dinh, H., Fernandes, K. E., Erpf, P. E., Clay, E. J. M., Tay, A. P., Nagy, S. S., Schaefer, S., Maharjan, R. P., Lenardon, M. D., Multari, D. H., et al. (2025) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0013081 · Cited by 5
“Further, chronic use (up to 26 days) and high doses of CBD (up to 1,500 mg/day) are reportedly well tolerated in humans [27].”
Cannabinoids for Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
Slaven, M., & Levine, O. H. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3484 · Cited by 4
An answered call for aid? Cannabinoid clinical framework for the opioid epidemic
Hammaker, K., Weathington, N. M., Maroon, J. C., Tang, L. W., Donohue, B., Yehuda, R., Ford, K. M., Figura, M., Kelmendi, B., Tan, B., et al. (2023) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-023-00842-6 · Cited by 4
“Compared to most drugs for pain, psychiatric, or mood disorders, side effects of cannabis when misused are mild and can occasionally include sleepiness, diarrhea, changes in appetite/weight, cognitive effects, hyperemesis, nausea, sedation, and addiction/dependence [61, 62].”
Background
A bio-SPME-LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of cannabinoids in plasma samples: analytical strategy for optimization of matrix modification
Marchioni, C., & Gionfriddo, E. (2025) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-025-06183-6 · Cited by 3
“CBD is known for its anxiolytic, non-psychoactive effect and was one of the first phytocannabinoids to be used in medicine [4].”
Effects of cannabidiol on behavioral and psychological symptoms of vascular dementia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Pessoa, R. M. D. P., Zuardi, A. W., Martins, R., Rodrigues, G. R., Hallak, J. E. C., Crippa, J. A. S., Pontes‐Neto, O. M., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251390974 · Cited by 3
Cannabidiol as a Neuroprotective Agent in Acrylamide‐Induced Neurotoxicity: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cholinergic Function in Male Mice
Atsopardi, Κ., Mesiakaris, K., Sotiropoulos, I., Margarity, M., & Poulas, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70098 · Cited by 3
“Unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD is a C21 terpeno-phenolic cannabinoid that lacks the euphoric and addictive effects of THC (Bergamaschi et al. 2011; Calapai et al. 2020; Crippa et al. 2018; Hudson et al. 2019).”

Authors: Machado Bergamaschi, M., Helena Costa Queiroz, R., Waldo Zuardi, A., & Alexandre S. Crippa, J.
Venue: Current Drug Safety
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2011-09-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 237-249
ISSN: 1574-8863 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/157488611798280924
OpenAlex: W2128076336
Cited by: 558
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 7.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Drug Safety (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Keywords: cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, drug safety, adverse effects, toxicity, hepatotoxicity, drug metabolism inhibition, P-glycoprotein, fertility, cell viability, tolerability
MeSH terms: Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antiemetics, Cannabidiol, Cannabis, Cell Survival, Eating, Humans, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks